LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED

CONTENTS

1. PROJECT BACKGROUND

Supplying such basic life needs warrants top priority within the framework of foreign aid programmes for the benefit of the poor in developing countries.

Development of local production and services is hindered by a chronic lack of money. The little money there is leaks from the local economy to national, or more often, international, havens.

The people of xxxxxxxxxx in the Region of xxxxxxxxx in xxxxxxxx do not enjoy adequate hygiene education, sanitation or clean drinking water.

Cooking is usually the most energy intensive activity in developing countries. Energy comes mostly from bio-mass sources, especially wood. Large parts of meagre family incomes are often spent on wood and charcoal for cooking. The wood comes from further and further away. Its unsustainable use leads to de-forestation and erosion. Moreover, traditional cooking methods are usually inefficient. The project therefore introduces highly efficient stoves. They will be locally manufactured within local currency LETS systems.

Bio-mass needed to fuel the stoves will also be locally produced and treated, without limiting the use of the natural fertilisers in local agricultural production.

Locally manufactured solar cookers will also be introduced where daytime cooking does not contrast with local customsAn important part of all loan repayments and expenditure under this project will be funded by introducing energy efficient stoves and growing bio-mass for fuel.

The project will permanently improve the quality of life and stimulate on-going local economic development of people who live in the beneficiary communities. It will establish local exchange trading (LETS) systems for the exchange of local goods and services and provide seed money to fund micro-credit loans. It includes hygiene education, sanitation, clean drinking water, lighting for study, efficient cooking equipment and means of producing bio-mass to fuel the stoves as well as a system for recycling non-organic solid waste. Services may be extended in a later phase to rainwater harvesting and Solar Home Systems.

The xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx area comprises xxxxxxxxxxx communities - (description) for a total of about xxxxx inhabitants. They live in about xxxxxxxxxx households. They have no sanitation, drinking water supply, or hygiene education. The local authorities are the (Regional) Government of xxxxxxxxxxx, the Local Council of xxxxxxxxxx, and the xxxxxxxxxx Tax Department who all offer their full support to this project to improve the quality of life in xxxxxxxxxxxx.

The people in the communities concerned currently depend for their water supply on (description of current water sources). The water from these sources is contaminated and is usually consumed without further treatment for drinking, cooking and personal needs. Resulting diseases affect the quality of life and the productivity of the people.

The way water is provided has other social implications too. The supply and management of water is usually the responsibility of women. They often have to go many (xxxxx) kilometers to fetch water. This takes a good deal of their time and effort which could otherwise be used to improve the living conditions of their families in other ways. Supply of readily accessible clean drinking water should improve the health of the whole population and ease the pressure of work on women.

As there are no sanitation facilities, the people of xxxxxxxx urinate and defecate (description of current practices and basic knowledge of hygiene)

The proposed hygiene training, sanitation, and drinking water systems must take the social structures of the communities into account. They must all be self-financing and remain financially viable and sustainable without the need for further seed money once the initial (interest free)loans have been repaid.

Cooking is currently done by (description of facilities). Fuel for cooking comes from ................ Each family typically uses xxxxxxxx per day (xxxxxxxx per year) of ............ The typical cost of this fuel is ........ per month, which is on an average xxxxxxx % of the family income. The total consumption of xxxxxxx in the project area with xxxxxx thousand families is therefore xxxxxx m3 at a global cost of xxxxxxxxx.

Non-organic solid waste disposal (common rubbish recycling) is a major problem, especially in poor urban areas. There, collection systems organised by the local authorities rarely work well if at all. The value of the rubbish collected is "exported" for recycling elsewhere. The project includes establishing local recycling centres to add value to waste products. This saves present expenditure on waste collection, storage and disposal. It enables recycling of some materials within the local currency systems. Export of residual waste matertials will provide formal currency income to repay micro-credit loans advanced to the recycling centres.

2. THE PROJECT

The project includes setting up Community Health Clubs for hygiene education and hygiene education courses in schools; provides sustainable toilet and wastewater facilities, wells (wherever necessary), pumps, and water tanks; establishes local exchange trading (LETS) systems to promote local exchange of goods and services; and implements an interest-free revolving micro-credit system to pay in formal currency for items and services originating outside the local communities.

The project also refers to PV (photovoltaic) lighting for study and in clinics, and PV refrigeration for medicines. Any PV lighting needed for separate local production initiatives would be included within their respected micro-credit schemes. PV operated TV sets for education can be included. Private Solar Home Systems (SHS) may be financed by the Local Bank where users are able to sustain their obligations under a hire purchase agreement for the SHS as well as meet their obligations under the project itself.

High efficiency stoves for cooking will be produced with 100% local value added as will the bio-mass necessary to fuel them.

Where daytime cooking is not in conflict with local customs, local manufacture of Beosite (R) solar cookers will be set up under the LETS systems.

Recycling centres will be set up to recycle non-organic refuse within the local currency systems.

Harvesting rain-water to increase agricultural production and the general quality of life is promoted.

The project cost is about US$ 3,000,000, which can be 100% financed through an interest free loan with a 10 year repayment time. A detailed indicative budget is set out on page 33.

The project will be continued for at least a further 8 years beyond the initial two years' start-up period. After the initial two years, further development will be generated by the communities themselves under the supervision of the Project Coordinator.

The initial project will take 24 months from the date funding is approved, more particularly:
- Phase 1 : preparation and submission of the basic project.
- Phase 2 : final project preparation, arrangements with tax authorities, formation of Health Clubs and starting hygiene education, starting organisation of Beosite(R) production units, setting up of local currency LETS groups; final project approval : 6 months
- Phase 3 : continuing hygiene education, building the sanitation services, installing wells, pumps and tanks, starting cooker production, organising bio-mass production, setting up the recycling centres : 18 months
- Phase 4 : installing water purification units and PV lighting systems for study purposes. Continued production of cookers and of bio-mass to fuel them. Rain-water harvesting.

From the third year onwards local development will be continued and extended to phase 5.

- Phase 5 : Extension to Solar Home Systems, water harvesting, and soil conservation and re-afforestation projects.

2.1 IMMEDIATE GOALS

a) To carry out a basic hygiene education programme by establishing Community Health Clubs in xxxxxxxxx and promoting hygiene education courses in schools

b) To install technically appropriate sanitation for the people of xxxxxxxxxx

c) To provide a permanent safe drinking water supply in xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx in all foreseeable circumstances.

d) To make safe drinking water available within a radius of 150-200m from users' homes.

e) To contribute to the fight against water-related diseases through hygiene education, the supply of appropriate sanitation and clean drinking water systems.

f) To reduce the work load on women

g) To provide for the continuity of health, sanitation and drinking water systems by establishing appropriate institutional structures.

h) To enable students and others who wish to study in the evening to do so.

i) To avoid the need to import wood into the local system.

j) To introduce efficient bio-mass fuelled means of cooking and solar cookers for daytime applications.

k) To create added value through recycling of non-organic waste.

l) To keep available financial resources (LETS money and formal money) revolving within the beneficiary communities.

m) To stimulate on-going local industrial and agricultural development through the use of local currency (LETS) and micro-credit systems.

n) To create large-scale job opportunities

2.2 LONG TERM GOALS

a)To sustain on-going improvement of the general quality of life wellbeing and health of the local people.

b)To free more human resources for local production and development.

c)To reduce water-borne diseases so that medical staff and financial resources can be re-directed to other health objectives such as vaccination programmes and preventive medicine.

d)To decrease infant mortality and promote family planning.

e)To increase literacy levels.

f)To eliminate dependency on fuels imported from outside the project area.

g)To help reduce deforestation and global warming.

h)To create value added from locally recycled non-organic solid waste.

i)To create a "maintenance culture" to conserve the investments made.

j)To increase the local pool of expertise so that local people can improve their sustainable well-being and development by identifying and solving problems, including erosion, with a minimum of outside help.

k)To create full employment in the project area.

2.3 GENERAL ECONOMIC BASES OF THE PROJECT

b)75% of this capital will be contributed by xxxxxxxxxx and the remaining 25% by the (Regional) Government of xxxxxxxxxx.

c)General financial supervision will be on terms agreed with the lenders of the seed capital, but with the elimination of unnecessary bureaucratic restraints.

d)Seed capital repaid by users in monthly instalments will be retained in the local area until the end of the loan term. During that time, the repayments will be used to grant revolving interest-free micro-credits for local development.

e)Seed capital not required for short term use, will similarly be used to grant interest-free revolving micro-credits.

f)The local currency (LETS) systems will form the general method of payment for (most) local goods and services at community level, including those provided for the project from within the local community.

g)The part of the maintenance money destined for long term replacement of capital items will also be recycled as interest-free micro-credits until it is needed.

h)Users will be 100% responsible for on-going administration, capital repayments, and maintenance costs. Each household will pay a monthly contribution sufficient to cover those costs. The instalments will be to a large extent covered by savings on funds traditionally spent on fuel, water and waste removal.

i)The project encourages open competition and free enterprise within the framework of a cooperative and non-profit-making global financial structure.

j)Administration, construction and maintenance work will be done by local operators and villagers who will be paid mostly in local LETS currencies.

k)Local work will be paid for at current local pay rates expressed in the local LETS currencies.

l)The on-going administration costs of the Project Coordinator will be agreed and set out in the project documentation.

m)Users must make their first monthly contribution in advance, when their project systems are put into use.

n)The tank commissions will be paid a small monthly allowance in formal currency for their work. The well commissions will be paid a monthly allowance under the local LETS currencies for their work.

o)Individual women or women's groups will, without payment, each look after their own sanitation units.

p)Regular inspection by installations will be paid as necessary in the local LETS currencies.

q)The operation of the xxxxxxxxxx local bank will be supported and supervised by xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(Green Bank)

r)The Regional Government of xxxxxxxxx and the Local Council of xxxxxxxxxxx will undertake not to intervene to impede the development of the local LETS currencies either during or after the project period.

s)The Project Coordinator will reach a specific agreement with the applicable tax authorities before the start of the project as to taxation of activities under the Local Exchange Trading (LETS) systems.

t)Before the project starts, a formal agreement will be made to ensure ownership of the project is vested in the beneficiary communities when the final instalment of the interest-free seed loan is repaid.

2.4 PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE PROJECT

a)The enhancement of self-sufficiency in local economies.

b)Existing social traditions will not suffer.

c)Local expertise, labour and materials will be used.

d)Women will play an active role in the project.

e)The people of xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx must be able and willing to take full responsibility for all goods and services provided under the project and for its administration.

f)The users must contribute financially to loan repayments, cover on-going costs and accept the powers of the elected tank- and well commissions.

g)The project will be self-funding. Savings on traditional fuel costs for cooking and services will cover most of the project costs.

h)The supply of traditional natural fertiliser for agricultural purposes will not be compromised.

i)Each individual user will be enabled to meet his financial commitments to the project.

Household difficulties in meeting monthly quotas can be cushioned either from the monthly allowances received by the tank commissions, or by creating a simple LETS system safety net. Members temporarily in difficulty could be allowed to run up a larger than usual debit balance. Members permanently in difficulty could perform services within the LETS group in exchange for group payment of their outstanding debts.

j)'Small is beautiful'.

Small decentralized systems are to be preferred wherever possible. This promotes close contact of the people of xxxxxxxxx with the installation and running of their own local infrastructure.

k) Local LETS currencies will complement the use of formal money.

They will make up for the lack of formal money that would otherwise be needed to expand the quantity of local goods and services.

Economic development within the LETS systems will also stimulate growth in the formal economy which will increase its formal tax base.

l)The seed loan capital will be systematically recycled to users as micro-credits.

The micro-credits will allow goods and services that cannot be locally produced to be bought with formal currency outside the project area.

m)Leakage of formal currency out of the project area will be reduced.

Seed capital will be retained in the local area during the 10 year interest-free loan period.

2.4.2 Some graduated steps towards sustainable nieghbourhoods

Dan Chiras and Dave Wann of Evergreen, Colorado (USA) devised a list of 25 steps to help to create sustainable suburbs in developed countries may be applicable to urban development applications under this Model. They are cited from the periodical The Last Straw, Issue 35, Fall 2001, p. 11. They are mentioned as amongst the initiatives which could typically be taken under the local money systems to strengthen community ties. Many of these steps are applicable also to local development in developing countries.

25 Progressive steps to local development

2.5 FIVE BASIC CONDITIONS

They are:

2.1 Acceptation of Health Clubs. These do not only serve the purposes of offering basic hygiene education courses. They also serve as a platform for women, so that they can organise themselves and participate and play an important role in the various structures foreseen. The health clubs therefore constitute a means of addressing the so-called "gender problem".

2.2 Willingness to pay at least US$3 per month per family of 5 into a Cooperative Development Fund. This payment covers the entire package of basic services foreseen (hygiene education, drinking water supply, sanitation, waste removal, high efficiency stoves and fuel for them, and lighting for study purposes.

2.3 Acceptance of the use of local exchange trading (LETS) systems, which enable goods and services originating in the project area to be exchanged without the need for formal money.

2.4 Acceptance of the BEOSITE process which enables most of the items required for local development to be made locally with 100% local value added within the framework of the local LETS systems in local low cost labour intensive production units.

2.5 Acceptance of dry composting toilet systems to Western levels with the separation of urine and excreta. Aspects relating to the form, the colour, the finish, privacy and similar will all be discussed with and deced by the users. The dry toilet systems foreseen enable waste to be recycled at household level so that problems connected with the pollution of surface and ground water can be addressed at local level without the need for major investments.

2.6 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES

FOR A DRAWING SHOWING THE PROJECT STRUCTURES SELECT:

The responsibilities of the various parties which would presumably be involved in the project are:

2.6.01 THE LOCAL ONG

The ONG officially fronts for the project. It may be already constituted and active, in which case it should be respected and accepted by the population in the project area and enjoy their confidence. The ONG will tytpically have find board members, whose task will be honorary.

Financing parties may nominate their representatives (eventually paid by the financing parties themselves) to the board, with the task of acting as auditors and for the purpose of monitoring progress.

The ONG approves the project and presents it for financing within the framework of a country programme supported by a donor government.

The ONG nominates the project coordinator and puts the project funds at the free and unconditional disposal of the Project Coordinator in a bank account in the name of the Project.

The ONG does not interfere in the execution of the project, except to carry out its auditing and monitoring duties.

2.6.02 THE PROJECT COORDINATOR (XXXXXXXX)

Xxxxxxxx is responsible, together with Terry Manning, for the project preparation, for contacts with local authorities and banks and with the users, for the actual implementation of the project. Xxxxxxxx is also responsible for all professional work or operations that cannot, at the time of the project, be provided from within the local communities. Xxxxxxxx is also in charge of the maintenance of the project, for collecting the monthly contributions of the users (through the tank commissions) and for general supervision of payments out of the project accounts. Xxxxxxxx will also coordinate the establishment of the local Beosite (R) production units and the network of recycling centres. The fees of Xxxxxxx will be agreed and formalised before the Project begins.

2.6.03 TERRY MANNING

Terry Manning is responsible for formulating the project, initial coordination with the NGO Zimbabwe A.H.E.A.D., initial contacts for setting up the Organizational Workshops, for the organisation (through the Workshops) of the local money LETS systems, setting up a Micro Credit system, coordinating with EOS Advises in setting up local Beosite(R) production units, delivering pumps, PV-panels and related materials needed to implement the project. He will act as consultant to the Project Coordinator (through the Workshops) for the training and supervision of water supply, water quality and hygiene control and maintenance personnel identified during the Workshops.

2.6.04 ORGANISATIONAL WORKSHOPS

All activities will be executed by the local people themselves. Organizational workshops (mass capacitation workshops or OW's) following the method of the Brazilian Clodomir Santos de Morais will be held for the various sectors of activity involved. During the workshops the users will organise themselves respecting the principles of the division of labour.

See Schedule 2 for information on Organizational Workshops.

Amongst the activities for which Organizational Workshops would be held are:

Setting up Health Clubs
Setting up Tanks and Well commissions
Setting up the local money (LETS) systems
Setting up Beosite production units
Setting up structures for the water supply systems
Setting up structures for the sanitation systems
Setting up structures for the growing of bio-mass to fuel high efficiency stoves
Setting up the local bank and/or the Cooeprative Development Fund
Setting up the waste recycling system
Setting up structures for rainwater harvesting
Setting up the local radio station
Setting up export-import cooperatives
Setting up a net-work of local agrarian consultants

The costs of the Workshops are set out separately in the balance sheet.

The Organizational workshops will typically directly involve about 5.000 users representing some 15% of the adult population.

2.6.05 EXTERNAL FUNDING AUTHORITY

The external funding authority will, on acceptance, make available its 75% share of the interest-free loan necessary for the project and nominate structures and channels for supervising the project expenditure and liaising with other parties.

2.6.06 LOCAL FUNDING AUTHORITY

The local funding Authority will be an enabling body only, making its 25% share of the project loan available on acceptance of the project. It will accept the general supervision of the project by the External Funding Authority and guarantee the continuity of the local currency (LETS) systems. Before the project begins, it will guarantee transfer of ownership of the project to the local communities when the seed loan is repaid. It will ensure, by agreement with the Central Government, that goods imported for the project come into xxxxxxxxx Duty Free. Before the project begins, it may nominate reasonable reporting procedures for the project development and expenditure. It may take full political credit for the project, but will agree not to otherwise intervene in its organisation, implementation or day to day running.

2.6.07 REGIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY

The local funding Authority will be an enabling body only. It will guarantee the continuity of the local currency (LETS) systems. Before the project begins, it will guarantee transfer of ownership of the project to the local communities when the seed loan is repaid. It will ensure, by agreement with the Central Government, that goods imported for the project come into xxxxxxxxx Duty Free. It will authorise without creating unjustified obstacles the siting of boreholes, wells, feed-pipes, tanks and others structures necessary to the execution of the project.

It may take full political credit for the project, but will agree not to otherwise intervene in its organisation, implementation or day to day running.

2.6.08 LOCALLY ELECTED MP'S

The local MP's will do everything in their power to guarantee respect by the national, regional and local administrative authorities the continuity of the local currency (LETS) systems, the importation of goods destined for the project without the application of customs duties taxes or other formal levies, and the transfer of the project structures to the users.

They will act as liaison points between the Project Coordinator on the one hand and the local funding authority and the local political institutions on the other. They may take full political credit for the project, but will agree not to otherwise intervene in its organisation, implementation or day to day running.

2.6.09 THE LOCAL COUNCILS OF XXXXXXX

The local councils will be enabling bodies only. They may take full political credit for the project implementation, but will not otherwise intervene in the organisation, implementation or day to day running of the project. They will guarantee and respect the decisions of the (Regional) Authority in relation to ownership of the project goods and services, and fully support the local currency (LETS) systems and the duty-free entry into the project area of goods to be used in the project.

The Local Councils will approve reasonable project proposals for laying and embedding water pipelines to dedicated water tanks, drilling bore holes, digging wells, locating and building sanitation facilities, siting of Beosite (R) manufacturing units, siting of, and collection of rubbish by, recycling centres.

2.6.10 THE LOCAL (REGIONAL?) HEALTH AUTHORITIES

The local health authorities are responsible for health services in xxxxxxxxxxxx. They will respect the administrative decisions taken by the Regional Government relating to the Project and will approve of the use of their own Health Workers within the framework of the Community Health Clubs' hygiene education programme to be set up by Zimbabwe A.H.E.A.D.

The health authorities will approve that their health workers be paid in the local LETS currencies for any work not already covered under their existing salaries.

They will approve that ownership of drinking water facilities, sanitation services where supplied, PV lighting, PV refrigeration, and water testing equipment placed in clinics within the project area be vested in the tank commissions in whose areas the clinics are situated.

They will support hygiene education courses in schools in the project area.

They will reach an agreement with the project coordinator to ensure training of (women) users at on-going checks of water quality, and systematic inspections of the sanitation facilities built within the framework of the project. Testing and inspection work not already included within the Health Workers' salaries will be paid for in the local LETS currencies. The equipment for conducting such systematic water quality tests will be made available under the project to a local clinic or hospital and financed by testing work carried out by the clinic for third parties outside of the project area.

PV lighting, sanitation where needed and refrigeration for medicines for the clinics in the project area would be paid for by the communities as they do for drinking water facilities dedicated to the clinics and schools in the project area. Ownership would in this case be vested in the tank commission in whose territory the clinic is located. PV lighting and refrigeration installations in clinics outside the project area serving users inside the project area need to be separately discussed. The disposal, where required, of specialised waste from clinics will be addressed separately.

The health authorities will train make regular hygiene inspections of the local recycling centres.

2.6.11 THE LOCAL (REGIONAL?) EDUCATION AUTHORITIES

The education authorities will approve that ownership of drinking water and sanitation facilities and PV lighting placed in schools within the project area be vested in the tank commissions where the schools are located. They will also approve that the teachers' commissions nominated to operate water and sanitation services and PV lighting report to the local tank commissions.

They will support hygiene education courses in the schools in the project area and approve the reasonable course curriculum presented by the Project Coordinator and apply it during normal school hours.

2.6.12 THE LOCAL TAX AUTHORITIES

The Project Coordinator will reach a binding agreement with the tax authorities, before the Project gets under way, to ensure that the tax authorities are not deprived of current tax revenue.

The project is based on a tax moratorium of at least 20 years on all LETS activities.

The tax authorities will define LETS activities carried out in LETS currencies under the project as non-commercial, and therefore non-taxable.

2.6.13 THE LOCAL BANK AND MICRO-CREDIT INSTITUTION

The local private bank will administer project funds actually deposited in xxxxxxx in xxxxxx. On the instruction of the Project Coordinator, it will formally administer Grameen Bank style micro-credit loans and repayments and the project funds, in cooperation with the External Green Bank. It will NOT intervene in the decisions relating to the granting of the loans themselves which will be made by the project coordinator in consultation with the communities.

The local bank will autonomously finance and administer micro-loans for the installation of solar home systems for individual non-productive household use.

2.6.14 THE EXTERNAL BANK

The external funding authority will pass its financial contribution through and appropriate financial institution, possibly a Green Bank capable of acting as adviser to the local bank. The external Bank will, on the instruction of the project coordinator, administer the project monies deposited in xxxxxxxxxx, under the supervision of the External Funding Authority and will support the Local Bank in setting up the Micro-credit system for local development.

2.6.15 THE LOCAL BEOSITE(R) PRODUCTION UNITS

These units will make, with a sanitary finish where necessary, ecological items such as water tanks, water containers, well-linings, san-plats in low cost labour intensive production units with up to 100% local value added. They will also make the high efficiency stoves and solar cookers. The Project will finance them on an interest-free basis with a pay-back period of 3-5 years. They will operate autonomously and negotiate payment of any royalties directly with the Technology Owner. They will usually sell their products within the project areas in the local LETS currencies, and outside the Project areas in formal currency. Precedence will be given to making items of top priority to the Project. Ownership of the production units will pass to the factory owners when the loans have been repaid. Until then the factory owners will be responsible to the Project Coordinator.

2.6.16 TANK COMMISSIONS

TANK COMMISSIONS - THE KEY STRUCTURES.

Every water tank supplies an area or group of households with water. A tank commission, elected by the users, will supervise the use of the tank and its associated works, the collection of the monthly contributions and the carrying out of minor operations such as keeping tank areas clean. Each tank commission will be paid a small monthly fee in formal currency, equivalent to perhaps US$ 5 per month, which it is free to spend as it wishes. Since women enjoy the greatest benefits from the execution and on-going management of the project, they should provide most of the tank commission members.

The tank commissions will nominate one of their members to liaise with the system maintenance structures set up.

The tank commissions would also be responsible for study rooms and PV lighting and for coordination of recycling in their area.

The tanks commissions will be set up using the Moraisian organisational workshop method. Their form may vary from one are of the project to another.

They will nominate a literate person to liaise with the local LETS system coordinator.

The drinking water installations and sanitation services dedicated to schools and clinics will be supervised by commissions of respectively teachers and medical staff who will report to the tank commissions where the schools and clinics are located. Ownership of these installations will be vested in the local tank commissions with the consent of the local Education and Health authorities. The costs of loan repayment and maintenance of these installations are built into the users' monthly payments.

PV lighting, PV refrigeration, and water testing equipment supplied to clinics in the project area would likewise be run by the medical commission supervising the water supply. Ownership of these structures will be vested, with the consent of the Health Authorities, in the tank commissions where the clinics located. The medical commission will report to the local tank commission.

The problem of specialist waste removal from clinics, where needed, will need to be studied separately.

The tank commissions will also convene regular meetings to discuss activities under their local LETS system and priorities for micro-credits.

The tank commissions will elect the well commissions.

The tank commissions will nominate a female candidate from their own area to carry out cooperative inspection of the sanitation, rainwater harvesting, and cooking facilities installed, and arrange for her training.

2.6.17 WELL COMMISSIONS

WELL COMMISSIONS

Every well/bore hole area comprises:
- The well or bore hole itself
- The backup hand pump installation
- The washing area
- The enclosure for PV systems and supports
- A guard system for the PV installations

The well commission, elected by the tank commissions, supervises the use of the structures common to the water supply system, and carries out minor maintenance operations such as cleaning washing areas, well areas, and backup hand pump systems. The well commission also regulates use of the well area in case of crisis or calamity. It collectively receives a small monthly payment in the local LETS currency (e.g. the equivalent of US$ 5 per month) which it is free to spend as it wishes. Since women enjoy the greatest benefits from the execution and on-going management of the project, they should provide most of the well commission members.

The well commission will nominate one of its members to liaise with the system maintenance structures set up and with those responsible at tank commission level for maintenance.

The well commissions will nominate a female candidate from their own area to monitor the cooperative inspection of the sanitation, rainwater harvesting, and cooking facilities carried out at tank commission level, and arrange for her training.

2.6.18 ZIMBABWE A.H.E.A.D.

This NGO from Zimbabwe will adapt and supply the material for the Health Clubs

BASIC COURSE FOR HEALTH CLUBS

The Community Health Clubs will be set up, and local health workers trained to lead the hygiene education courses during a Moraisian organizational workshop.

A hygiene education course for use in the schools in the project area will be developed the same way, and health workers and teachers trained to apply it.

2.6.19 EOS ADVISES

This Dutch company is the registered owner of the Beosite(R) process.

It will act as consultant during the Organization Workshop during which the local Beosite (R) production units in the project area will be set up, and independently negotiate any conditions for technology transfer.

2.6.20 MEDICAL COMMISSIONS

Medical commissions will supervise installations supplied to clinics under the project. They will report to the tank commission where the clinic is situated. They will where required arrange with the Project Coordinator collection of special medical waste products.

2.6.21 TEACHERS COMMISSIONS

Teachers commissions will supervise installations supplied to schools under the project.

They will support and apply the approved hygiene education courses in the schools.

They will report to the tank commissions where the school is located.

2.6.22 THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR

Financing parties may nominate an independent auditor to co-sign payment authorisations made by the project. The independent auditor answers to the project NGO. See par. 6.14 for more information.

2.7 THE QUESTION OF OWNERSHIP

Before the project starts, the project coordinator will offer to provide on-going maintenance, training of maintenance operators, and administration for an agreed fee for at least ten years. Pumps and structures have a life-span of more than 20 years. Once the seed capital has been fully repaid at the end of ten years, on-going monthly contributions will create a large surplus for future renewals and extensions of the project facilities. Until it is needed, this money can be re-invested interest free in micro-credit loans for local development.

Ownership of drinking water installations, PV lighting and refrigeration and water testing equipment installations in schools and clinics will be vested in the tank commissions where the schools and clinics are located.

Ownership of PV lighting sanitation services and refrigeration installations in clinics outside the project area serving users inside the project area needs to be separately discussed.

2.8 ASSURANCES AS TO PERFORMANCE

Financial and political participants should each issue a written warranty that money, permits, and guarantees they have agreed to provide will be forthcoming on schedule.

As the project is cooperative in nature, the participating parties, and in particular those financing the project, are free to impose appropriate reporting and verification procedures which should be simple and direct to eliminate "red tape".

2.9 TAXATION UNDER THE LOCAL EXCHANGE TRADING (LETS) SYSTEMS

This project is designed to create rapid, sustainable and durable local development.

The project coordinator will reach a binding agreement with the tax authorities, before the project gets under way, to ensure that the tax authorities are not deprived of current tax revenue.

The tax authorities will define LETS activities carried out in LETS currencies under the project as non-commercial, and therefore non-taxable.

The project is based on a tax moratorium of at least 20 years on all LETS activities.

After the moratorium, the following basic rules will apply:
-1. LETS exchanges where a user helps a friend, or performs a job on a "one-off" basis are not taxable.
-2. LETS exchanges involving activities not part of the normal business activities of the supplier are excluded.
-3. The expression "normal business activities" will be interpreted in the manner most favourable to the users.
-4. Normal LETS exchanges by businesses are taxable.
-5. All costs and business expenses are tax deductible.
-6. Businesses will be taxed in respect of LETS exchanges on the net profits they generate from them.

2.10 THE EFFECTS OF INFLATION ON SEED LOAN REPAYMENTS AND GIFT CONTENT

Users repay the interest-free loan after ten years. At that point of time they will have been repaying the loan at the rate of approximately 3 US$ per family per month for 120 months. Their repayments are, however, made in the local (formal) currency. Should the local (formal) currency through inflation or exchange measures have devalued against the US$, the amount in local currency collected by the users will not be sufficient to pay the original loan back . This situation is beyond the control of the parties to the project, and in particular of the users.

A decision on how this risk is to be covered will therefore need to be made when the project is being financed.

Is the interest-free seed loan to be expressed in the local (formal) currency or in US$?

LOAN EXPRESSED IN LOCAL CURRENCY

If the loan is expressed in the local (formal) currency, then the external bank (working together with the local bank) will need to obtain the acceptance of the lenders that the amount repaid, when reconverted into US$, may be lower than the original US$ loan.

The following are four possibilities:

1) The lenders or their governments formally accept they are willing to run this risk and write off the eventual difference as a gift.

2) The lenders agree to extend repayment time until the total amount collected in the fund is sufficient to repay the whole loan expressed in US$. This can lead to a "win-win" situation in that the amount available for recycled micro-loans would remain at a high level. In return for the extra monthly payments, users have more money to recycle in micro-loans than would otherwise have been the case.

3) The lenders require payment of the available funds on expiry, and that the difference be collected using the next following monthly payments, until such time as the original amount expressed in US$ is balanced. This solution is negative for users in that for a shorter or a longer period (depending on the inflation which has taken place) users will not be able to benefit from re-cycled micro-loans and on-going local development will slow down and could, in some cases, even stop.

4) The lenders require repayment of the available funds on expiry but reinvest any difference for a further cycle of ten years. This will reduce users' funds for renewing capital goods or extending services at the end of the second period of ten years, but will not negatively affect recycling of micro-loans for on-going local development under the project.

LOAN EXPRESSED IN US$

If the loan were to be expressed in US$, would users' monthly repayments be indexed to the US$? If so, how would the monthly rate expressing the amount payable in US$ be determined, and by whom? How would the users be advised?

Were repayments to be indexed to the US$, the total amount collected by users over the ten year period could, when converted into US$, still be (considerably) less than the total amount in US$. This is because the indexing of the local payments to the US$ is progressive over ten years while the exchange rate applicable on repayment of the loan after the ten years' loan period is the one applicable at the moment of the repayment. The difference would normally be less than where the loan is expressed in the local currency, but one of the four options mentioned above would have to be applied to it.

2.11 INSURANCE AND FORFEIT IN THE FORM OF GIFT IN CASE OF LOSS OR DAMAGE TO CAPITAL STRUCTURES

While capital structures installed within the framework of project applications may, if rarely, be insurable against loss or damage by Act of God such as lightning, hurricanes, or earthquakes, it is not possible to insure them against loss or damage deriving from causes such as Act of Political and Military Authorities, civil war, commotion, rebellion, and strikes. Even if insurance against such risks were to be available the cost would be so high that it would constitute a major on-going financial leakage from the project area, which is just one of the major problems applications under the Model are designed to stop.

What happens in case of loss of or damage to the capital structures installed under a given project application under this Model before repayment of the interest-free seed loan after ten years must therefore be clearly addressed at the time the project application is being financed.

The beneficiaries of project applications under the Model are by definition poor and the loss or damage in question derives from causes entirely beyond their control. To require these poor people to repay a loan after ten years for capital structures they have lost for reasons beyond their control is in profound contradiction with the short term and long term goals of project applications under this Model. In some cases the lending organisations may have forms of insurance available to cover funds at risk in projects in developing countries. In such cases they would ensure, at their own cost and by way of gift, that funds for project applications under the Model are insured by such Funds. Where, however, such insurance is not available, the lending organisations should accept that in the case of loss of or damage to project structures deriving from causes beyond the power and control of the users the interest free loan be converted into a gift so that users are freed from their contractual obligations.

Normally, at the time the (uninsured) loss of or damage to the capital structures occurs, users will have paid a part of the loan into the Cooperative Development Fund.

Each contract for the financing of project applications under this Model should state clearly whether the money which has already been collected in the Cooperative Development Funds at the time the loss of or damage to the capital structures occurs:
a) Must be used immediately to reinstate the capital goods lost or damaged
b) Has to be repaid to the lenders at the end of the original ten years' interest free loan period.
c) Has to be repaid immediately
d) Will, subject to analysis of the current political situation, be integrated by a further loan to enable complete reinstatement of the capital structures so that the project application can make a re-start.

2.12 INFORMATION FLOW

a) Transfer of information within project applications

b) Local consultants, activity groups, and schools

c) Transfer of information from and to external sources

Communication and monitoring

The same users will at the same time need separate instruction on how best to recycle their urine, and later, their composted faeces. Basic recommendations will be developed under the projects for this, although single users, the local tank commissions, or the project coordinator could also obtain consultancy under b). Where the project supplies recommendations, cooperative structures similar to those described for hygiene would need to be developed to make sure they are applied properly.

2.13 RECYCLING OF FUNDS AND IMPORTATION OF CAPITAL GOODS

The first series of such purchases is usually made with the original loan funds. Since the original loan funds are made available in US$ or other leading international currency, and converted into the local currency for the purposes of the project, their re-conversion where necessary from the local currency into the international currency should not pose a problem.

The amount of capital goods needed for local productivity increase under recycled micro-loans could, however, amount to several times (5 or 6 times or more) the amount of the original interest-free loan expressed in foreign currency.

A condition for the granting of an interest-free loan under the Model is, normally, that the beneficiary be able initially to sell some of the goods or services in question outside the project area for formal money to enable him to repay the loan. The beneficiary therefore exports the goods or services outside the project area for formal local currency, but not necessarily outside the national borders. Since capital goods may often need to be imported into the country where the project area is situated, a situation of financial leakage of formal national currency occurs for the purpose of buying the foreign currency necessary for the purchase of new capital goods for production purposes. This financial leakage is not desirable but it may in part be offset by the increase of local production tending towards a reduction in the need for imported goods. The leakage can only be completely avoided where the project area succeeds with time to export directly outside national boundaries enough of its production to earn enough foreign currency to cover the costs of the imported goods. It is unlikely this be possible at least in the early phases of a project application. The local government must therefore when it approves a project application under the Model accept that this (temporary) financial leakage is going to take place during the initial stages of the project. Its Finance Ministry must ensure flexibiility in granting leave to convert local formal money into the foreign currency necessary for the purchase of the capital goods. Failure of the Ministry to do so would in practice lead to serious delays in project execution. The more often the project funds are recycled the more rapidly the project area will develop. The Project Coordinator, on the other hand, is bound to endeavour to reduce the financial leakage of formal currency in question by purchasing capital equipment, where available, which has already been imported and is available on the local market.

The following schedule will produce a zero national import/export balance for the project during its execution and a long-term ongoing credit balance:
First two (executive) years : zero franchise
Third year, at least 35% of imported value exported
Fourth year, at least 50% of imported value exported
Fifth year, at least 75% of imported value exported
Sixth year, at least 100% of imported value exported
Seventh year, at least 125% of imported value exported
Eight and following years, at least 150% of imported value exported

2.14 AUDITING STRUCTURES

The project is based on separation of powers between the controlling party (the project NGO) and the project coordinator nominated by the NGO to execute the project.

Financing parties have, if they wish, two strutures enabling them to carry out on-going audits of the project works.

1. The project NGO fronts for the project and maintains on-going auditing powers to ensure correct project execution. The statute of the project NGO allows the financing parties to nominate executive auditors to the Board of Directors. The nominated auditors may be paid salaries by the financing parties. For practical purposes they should be resident in or near the project area. The NGO does not intervene directly in the execution of the project, as this is the responsibility of its nominee project coordinator.

2. Financing parties may also nominate an independent auditor to act the with project coordinator to co-sign payment authorisations and conduct an on-going audit of project out-go. The independent auditor answers to the Board of the NGO, which includes executive audit nominees of the financing parties. His salary is paid by the financing parties. The independent auditor may not intervene in the running of the project itself. For practical purposes the independent auditor must be resident in the project area.

To avoid conflict of interest, neither the project coordinator nor the independent auditor may be a member of the NGO. The both report, independently of each other, to the NGO.

3. Planned works and results

3.1 Hygiene education structures

The structures, rules and administrative aspects of the Health Clubs will be established during one or more Organisational Workshops, during which the Health workers will also receive due training.

For some indicative information on the courses, refer to Schedule 7. This material is subject to adaptation according to the preferences expressed by the Workshop participants.

BASIC COURSE FOR HEALTH CLUBS

The Health Clubs will continue to meet regularly after the course has finished. Their role is fundamental to the project. They serve as a forum for identifying community needs, assisting with project planning and implementation, and developing the sense of unity and cooperation on which the success of the project depends.

A system will be set up to provide on-going inspection of the individual sanitation and water supply systems by local Health workers.

Water quality will be systematically monitored by a local clinic or hospital using testing equipment supplied under the project.

Hygiene education courses will be established in the schools in the project area. They will be supported and approved by the local Health and Education authorities. They will be applied during normal schools hours under the supervision of the teachers' commissions.

3.2 Sanitation facilities

DRAWING SHOWING PROPOSED WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM BEOSITE(R)

These are based on the separation of urine, faeces, and grey water.

In urban areas, urine, grey water and fertiliser can be used in vertical gardens made from Beosite (R) blocks under the LETS systems.

The number of users for each toilet unit will be decided during phase 2 of the project based on users' preferences and customs in accordance with the decisions reached during the organisation workshops to be held. Units could be for an individual or a group of related families.

A typical unit will comprise a small toilet building containing three Beosite(R) tanks. One tank will be used for urine. The other two tanks will be used as aerobic composting toilets. Building support structures, san-plats for urinals and toilet seats will also be supplied by the local Beosite(R) production units. The toilet structures will be built by local builders or cooperative groups and paid for using the LETS local currencies. Use of improved evaporation systems could eliminate one of the composting toilets. For health reasons we prefer the twin tank method.

Almost the whole sanitation project can be done under local exchange trading (LETS) systems, with nearly 100% local value added.

The toilets will be supplied with appropriate washing and cleaning means for personal hygiene.

A small quantity of locally available lime, ash, sawdust or similar would be added to the urine tank once or twice a day and to the faeces after use. The contents of the urine tank can be emptied at any time. A mixture containing one part urine and ten parts of water can be safely used for watering plants. This high quality product has been known to more than double the productivity of a household garde. An average family with 5 members can produce about 25m3 of this fertiliser per year.

Users not wishing to dispose of the urine themselves will hire local operators to do it for them under the local LETS currency systems. The development using LETS currencies of a collection system may be needed in poor urban areas where users have no gardens or are unable to dispose of their urine.

With the double composting dry toilet system, one properly aerated toilet tank is used until it is more or less full. It is then sealed and allowed to compost for 9-12 months while the second toilet tank is being used. The contents need to be moved from time to time. During that time, the compost in the sealed tank reduces to about one wheelbarrow full of soil per adult person per year. After 9-12 months composting, the soil can be safely and profitably used as soil conditioner.

With a single tank improved evaporation system, the faeces are dried by circulating relatively warm air in the system. It produces coagulated pellets that look like dry dogs' food. The residue is light and small. The tank can be emptied any time at 2-3 year intervals and the contents safely used as soil conditioner.

Users not able to dispose of the soil conditioner will hire local operators to do so under the local LETS currency systems.

Organic material other than urine and faeces will be composted in simple compost boxes built and supplied under the local LETS currency systems.

In rural project areas, grey household water from the kitchen and from household cleaning can be collected in an appropriate closed container and spread on the family vegetable plot once a day, avoiding the formation of open or stagnant pools and concentrations of water. It can also be used to dilute urine. Users not able to dispose of their grey water will hire local operators to do so under the local LETS currency systems.

In urban areas, grey water may need to be regularly collected, possibly together with urine, and taken to the countryside nearby where it can be recycled. This work would be done under the local LETS currency systems.

Non-organic solid waste products will be recycled in recycling centres operating under the local currency (LETS) systems, creating more local added value. In larger communities the centres may be specialised to some extent. Collection charges will depend on the kind of material being recycled. Environmentally harmful materials will be charged for at a higher rate than other materials. Special waste from clinics will be addressed separately.

Appropriate sanitation services where needed for schools and clinics in the project area will be included in the project.

Useful references for further information on dry sanitation are:
a)Winblad Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency), Stockholm 1998. ISBN 91 586 76 12 0
b)Del Porto David & Steinfeld Carol, "The composting toilet system book", CEPP (Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention), Concord Massachusetts 1999. ISBN 0-9666783-0-3
c)Sawyer Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food security", UNDP-SIDA, Mexico 2000 ISBN 91-586-8935-4

3.3 Local Beosite(R) production facilities

A practical alternative to concrete, is to use a new-age product like Beosite(R). Beosite(R) production units can be established wherever there are local deposits of cheap gypsum (CaSO4 + H2O) or anhydrite (CaSO4 + 1/2 H2O) which are very common, occurring naturally in most parts of the world. They can be used to make cheap, ecological, hygienic tanks, well-linings, toilets and other products. Beosite(R) is a state-of-the-art technology originating in the Netherlands. It can easily be transferred to xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . The Beosite (R) production units can make a major contribution to the regional economy after the project has been completed as well as manufacturing the products needed for the project itself.

Beosite(R) production units are permanent industrial assets. They will be used to make various load-bearing structures and other building materials. Beosite (R) can even be used to weather-proof the mud walls of locally built houses and as a susbtitute for construction timber, reducing de-forestation.

Beosite (R) will also be used to make high efficiency stoves. The stoves can stand temperatures of up to 500 degrees C. They will recycle heat from smoke circulated around the pot. The stoves can be safely carried by hand with boiling water in the pot and fire in the stove. Although they will work with any sort of fuel, mini-briquettes made from bio-mass will be produced locally under the project.

Beosite (R) will also be used to make solar cookers under the LETS systems in applications where daytime cooking is not in contrast with local customs.

The modest cost of Beosite (R) production units will be funded within the project by interest-free green loans repayable over a period of 3-5 years. The initial casting moulds for Beosite (R) products can cost up to US$ 7000. These costs will restrict the initial range of products any single production unit can make. The top priority will be to service the needs of the project itslef. Additional copies of the initial moulds are, however, very cheap to make.

The entire system for the production of items in Beosite from cheap gypsum or anhydrite, the management of the deposits of raw materials, the construction of the factories, the production and installation on the items manufactured will be organised during a series of Moraisian workshops for which a separate allowance has been made in the budget.

While the workshops will work out the details, it is forseeable that the Beosite production be highly labour intensive calling for minimum capital outlay. The products can be made manually without the need for any machinery, with a wester-lavel finish.

Refer to Schedule 6 for more information on the Beosite (R) (r) process.

3.4 Water supply structures

There are xxxxxxx water supply systems in xxxxxxxxxxxxx. This project will be decentralised. About xxx large diameter wells and xxx large diameter boreholes will be dug using local labour, construction methods and materials supplied under the local LETS systems.

About 6-9 solar submersible horizontal axis piston pumps (see Schedule 4 for a full description) will be installed in each well. Each of the pumps will supply water to a dedicated water tank serving a local community. The well is the hub of the supply system. The water pipelines radiating from it are its spokes.

Schools will each receive one dedicated tank. Clinics, for further safety, will be served by two tanks each with its own pump.

Each well will be equipped with back-up handpumps (see Schedule 5 for a complete description of the handpumps).The handpumps will provide water during unusually long periods of bad weather.

Where culturally appropriate, there will be a communal washing area near each well so that women used to doing their washing in groups can continue to do so. The backup handpumps may also be used to service the washing areas and in cases of emergency.

The water supply is based on a water consumption of 25 liters per person per day. Since solar energy is to be used to pump the water, bad weather must be taken into account. For that reason, the tanks need to have a capacity for three days' use. Each tank will supply about 200 people. The capacity required to give 25 liters per day to 200 people for three days is 15m3, the planned size of the tanks.

3.5 Institutional developments

Permanent on-going procedures to maintain and administer the system will be worked out with the users themselves during Organization Workshops to be run for this purpose, with the involvement of Terry Manning as consultant, the project coordinator, the tanks and wells commissions, maintenance and inspection staff, and the local private bank that administers the micro-credit loans.

The purpose is to create a "maintenance culture".

Structures to be created include the Helath Clubs, the local money systems, the Beosite factories, systems for installation and maintenance of the drinking water supply system, waste recycling structures, structures for the production of bio-mass, the local banking and micro-credits system, the tank and well commissions, not to forget the local radio station.

Multiple re-cycled interest-free micro-credits will provide formal money needed to develop local production capacity. The rest of the development will be done with the LETS systems.

The capital available for re-cycling in the form of micro-credits is made of:
a) Part of the initial seed money until it is needed for the project.
b) Seed loan repayments.
c) Micro-credit repayments.
d) The long term maintenance fund.
e) The system capital replacement fund which will be built up after the ten years' seed loan has been fully repaid.

For instance, a woman may need a sewing machine to be able to make clothes. She will need "formal" currency to buy the sewing machine. That money will be available in the form of an interest-free micro credit. She will sell outside the local LETS system some of the clothes she makes to earn the "formal" money she needs to repay her loan. The rest of the clothes can be sold within the local currency LETS system.

As she repays her loan, the repaid capital can be loaned again for another interest free micro-credit project, so the available seed money repeatedly re-circulates within the local economy.

Establishing local exchange trading (LETS) systems to overcome the chronic lack of "formal" money in the xxxxxxxxxxxx area is fundamental to the project. LETS systems create local currency units to exchange goods and services. They eliminate common complaints concerning the operation of development projects such as:

"There's no money to pay people to write out the water bills"
"There's no money to collect the monthly contributions"
"The people can't afford san-plats for their toilets"

Very often, all that is needed is a way to transfer goods and services within the community without having to use formal money.

We propose to make participation in the LETS systems compulsory for all people in xxxxxxxxxxx of working age because everybody will benefit from and participate in some of the community level initiatives undertaken within the project. For instance, PV lighting for study will be financed at local tank commission level and its costs written off against the users in that tank area only. Others, such as tree-planting or road building may benefit the whole community and every member will be charged for his share. Compulsory membership is also needed where common assets are being used or sold or when goods and services for the project have to be supplied in the local currencies.

Nearly all LETS transactions are open to normal "free market" negotiation between the parties.

Many goods and services like those provided by the Community Health Clubs, and those needed to build the sanitation and water supply services can be paid for using the LETS systems. We have included formal currency estimates for these goods and services so that enough micro-credit loan money is available to start developing local production.

For more information on the nature and organisation of LETS systems, refer to Schedule 8.

LETS systems will be set up in .............

3.6 PV lighting, television and refrigeration

Enough money has been set aside in phase 4 of the project to cover 200 PV lighting systems.

The purchase of a PV operated TV set for each of study area is subject to discussion and has been listed "pro-memoria" in the budget. We have done this because:
- it is not known how much suitable educational material is available in the local languages
- the TV set would need to be safely housed in a weather-proof environment
- of maintenance and security problems

We have also listed the purchase of PV lighting and refrigeration for clinics outside the project area "pro-memoria" in the budget. This is because the willingness to share the onus of payment will have to be discussed from case to case and consents to transfer of ownership to the local tank commissions would have to be obtained.

PV lighting for schools has also been listed as "pro-memoria" in the budget pending discussion on evening classes.

3.7 DOMESTIC SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS

The well commission will decide the social priorities for the gradual distribution of these systems. They may for instance decide priorities by drawing lots. The seed fund is purely to set an example, and cannot supply more than 15-200 systems to launch the system. The rest of the money must come from the cooperative contributions made by the users participating.

The speed of the distribution of the systems will depend on the time required to reimburse the credits received. A family accustomes to paying US$20-30 a month for lighting and batteries will be able to repay a system from savings within about 2 years. A poorer family would need much more time.

Distribution of solar home systems is expected to commenc in the last, phase 4, of the project. Various activities currently cause of financial leakage from the project area will then be taking place under the local money (LETS) systems, and it is conceivable that (some) users have more formal money available than before. They can tehrefore form buying cooperatives for solar home systems at tank commission level, whereby each family contributes an amount (eg US$10) each month into its cooperative lighting fund. This would allow one family out of 40 to install a system each 4-6 weeks. This would mean that each family would have a solar home system installed within about 4-5 years after the start of the cooperative and the elimination of financial leakage from the project area due to lighting and radios within 6-7 years.

Financial leakage through the use of inefficient battery-driven radios could be stopped by the use of high efficiency radios and/or mechanical wind-up radios. It should be possible to recover the cost of the new radios through savings on batteries within one year.

3.8 Payments and on-going costs

GRAPH SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS .
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE .
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED. GRAPH SHOWING TYPICAL QUARTERLY EXPENDITURE.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE FOURTH QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE FIFTH QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE SIXTH QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE SEVENTH QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE EIGHTH QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE NINTH QUARTER.

The people of xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx are poor and plagued by xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . The initial seed capital will therefore come from donors in the form of an interest free loan repayable over a period of ten years.

The users will pay a monthly fee to be decided during phase 2 of the project. It is expected to be approximately US$ 3-3.5 per month for a family of five. This sum will be used:

- to repay the loan itself. This money will be re-cycled interest-free for use as micro-credits to develop local production capacity.

- to pay on-going administration and maintenance costs. This money pays the monthly fees of the project coordinator and the salaries and transport costs of maintenance and inspection personnel and of the tank commissions.

- to set up reserves for long term maintenance. These funds will also be re-cycled for micro-credits but managed so that the capital is available when it is needed.

Once the original seed money has been repaid, the monthly payments will create a large fund for use to extend the basic services provided under this project.

The whole cost of the Beosite(R) production units will be covered by interest-free loans repayable over 3-5 years. This capital can also be re-cycled as it is repaid.

There will be large savings in the traditional cost of fuel for cooking. The savings will come from using high efficiency Beosite (R) stoves and local production of bio-mass for fuel.

Provision of drinking water under the project will avoid the need to purchase expensive water from vendors especially in poor urban areas.

Waste re-cycling under the project will produce savings by creating value added from resources currently unused and because payments for collection and handling of the waste will be kept inside the local economy.

4. Work Plan

4.1 First, initial, research phase

Users must accept the five conditions precedent to the success of self-financing development projects of the type here presented:

4.1.1 Acceptation of Health Clubs. These do not only serve the purposes of offering basic hygiene education courses. They also serve as a platform for women, so that they can organise themselves and participate and play an important role in the various structures foreseen. The health clubs therefore constitute a means of addressing the so-called "gender problem".

4.1.2 Willingness to pay at least US$3 per month per family of 5 into a Cooperative Development Fund. This payment covers the entire package of basic services foreseen (hygiene education, drinking water supply, sanitation, waste removal, high efficiency stoves and fuel for them, and lighting for study purposes.

4.1.3 Acceptance of the use of local exchange trading (LETS) systems, which enable goods and services originating in the project area to be exchanged without the need for formal money.

4.1.4 Acceptance of the BEOSITE process which enables most of the items required for local development to be made locally with 100% local value added within the framework of the local LETS systems in local low cost labour intensive production units.

4.1.5 Acceptance of dry composting toilet systems to Western levels with the separation of urine and excreta. Aspects relating to the form, the colour, the finish, privacy and similar will all be discussed with and deced by the users. The dry toilet systems foreseen enable waste to be recycled at household level so that problems connected with the pollution of surface and ground water can be addressed at local level without the need for major investments.

The key project sites including clinics and schools will be shown on a map of the xxxxxx area.

There is no budget needed for the work during this first phase.

4.2 Second phase lasting about 9 months

GRAPH SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS .
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE .
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
GRAPH SHOWING TYPICAL QUARTERLY EXPENDITURE.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER.

This is the most critical phase during which the basic structures necessary for the operation of the entire system are set up by way of a series of organizational workshops following the method introduced by the Brazilian sociologist Clodomir Santos de Morais.

Refer to Schedule 2 for some material and a bibliography on Organisational Workshops.

The sequential order of the workshops is very important. The first workshops are the ones setting up the Health Clubs, which offer women a platform from which they can organise themselves. After that, the tanks commissions, which are the heart of the system, can be established. The third structure is the local money LETS systems, followed by the micro-credit system, the Beosite factories, the water supply system, the recycling system and the radio station.

4.2.0 PAYMENT OF THE PROJECT FUNDS

Since the local (micro-credit) bank may be instituted later on, if no suitable banking institution is present in the project area, the funds may have to be paid into an account in the name of the ONG in a larger town.

4.2.1 HEALTH CLUBS AND HYGIENE EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS

4.2.1.1 Health clubs

Usually at least two Moraisian workshops will be held during which draft Health Clubs rules will be prepared and discussed with the local people so the community fully "owns" the project. The Health Clubs will be a socially acceptable method of getting people used to working together, the cornerstone for a successful project. Local Health Workers will be trained to lead Health Club discussions. Material for the Health Clubs and for hygiene education courses in schools will be adapted, preferably using local artists. Preference will be given to the use of traditional xxxxxxxxxxxxxx art styles.

Indicative participation (all workshops together)

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
The Zimbabwe AHEAD Consultant
Representative of the ONG
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
20 qualified istructors indicated by the Ministry of Health to guide the Health Club lessons
350 female initiative takers at the level of the future Tank Commissions

Duration of each workshop: about three weeks.

The Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) A system coordination structure for coordination:
- with the project coordinator
- amongst the main project areas
- with the Health ministry
- amongst the Health Ministry trainers and the women locally responsible
- the statues and ruls for the running of the clubs

b) A materials structure
- discussion with potential members of the Health Groups
- definition of the content of the courses according to local requirements
- adaptation of the material according to local customs (illustrations, languages etc)
- actual physical preparation of the course
- distribution of the material

c) A methodical structure
- how to use the material
- the role of the Health Ministry specialists
- the role of the local Health Club leaders
- practical exercises
- how to call meetings and lead the first lessons
- continuation of the Health Clubs after the termination of the courses

d) A communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, Health Clubs leaders, Health ministry teachers)
- horizontal, amongst local Health Club leaders, (future) radio programme

e) A structure at local Tank Commission level

- Payment of the local Health Club leader once the local money systems have been formed - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the (future) Tank Commission - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the Health ministry teacher responsible for the area - Discussion with persons (women) interested in the (future) local Tank Commission - Registration of Health Club members - Practical organisation of the lessons and later group meetings

BASIC INDICATIVE COURSE FOR HEALTH CLUBS

4.2.1.2 Hygiene Education in the Schools

Usually at one Moraisian workshop will be held during which Local Health Workers will be trained to lead hygiene education courses in the schools. Material for the courses in schools will be adapted, preferably using local artists. Preference will be given to the use of traditional xxxxxxxxxxxxxx art styles.

Indicative participation (all workshops together)

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
The Zimbabwe AHEAD Consultant
Representative of the ONG
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Education Ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
20 qualified istructors indicated by the Ministry of Health to guide the lessons
70 teachers fomr the schools

Duration of each workshop: about three weeks.

The Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) A system coordination structure for coordination:
- with the project coordinator
- with the Health ministry
- with the Education ministry
- amongst the Health Ministry trainers and the teachers' commissions

b) A materials structure
- discussion of course content according to the different levels of the pupils
- definition of the content of the courses according to age groups (illustrations, language etc)
- adaptation of the material according to local customs (illustrations, languages etc)
- actual physical preparation of the course
- distribution of the material

c) A methodical structure
- how to use the material
- the role of the Health Ministry specialists
- the role of the teachers
- planning the courses
- continuity

d) A communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, Health ministry specialists, teachers' commissions)
- horizontal, amongst the teachers' commissions and the families, (future) radio programme

e) Formalities - Payment (in LETS) of the Health ministry specialists - Payment (in LETS) for the teachers involved

4.2.2 LOCAL SOCIAL STRUCTURES

Usually at least two or three Moraisian workshops will be held. The Tank Commissions form the basic project structure and the workshops can involve up to 2000 people.

Indicative participation (all workshops together)

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Representative of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
1750 (mostly female) persons interested in participating with responsibility for the management of projects structures as members of the Tank Commissions. 35% of these people might be indicated by the traditional chiefs, 65% by the local Health Clubs.

Duration of each workshop: about four weeks.

The Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) Definition of the social form of the tanks commissions and the well commissions
- statutes
- rules
- financial aspects
- definition of the tasks

b) Organisation
- meetings
- use of tanks and well areas

c) Coordination
- with project coordinator
- (future) local SEL-LETS system
- between local tank commissions and the well commission
- with local schools
- with local clinics/hospitals
- with (future) recycling systems
- with (future) micro-credit structures

d) A communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator)
- horizontal, with the +/- 40 local families

e) Individual initiatives

- Payment of the local Health Club leaders once the local money systems have been formed - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the (future) Tank Commission - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the Health ministry teacher responsible for the area - Discussion with persons (women) interested in the (future) local Tank Commission - Registration of Health Club members - Practical organisation of the lessons and later group meetings

4.2.3 THE LETS LOCAL MONEY SYSTEMS

For detailed information on LETS systems refer to appendix 8

Usually at least three or four Moraisian workshops will be held, one for each local money LETS system.

Indicative participation (all workshops together)

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
2 representatives of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
100 persons, indicated by the well commissons, who will have indicated their interest in registering transactions
400 persons (men and women) indicated by the Tank Commissions interested in taking responsibility for the management of the LETS systems at tank commission level.

Duration of each workshop: about six weeks.

The Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) Definition of the social form of the LETS structures
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relationships with other non-formal local money systems

b) Structure for the registration of transactions
- physical working space (offices)
- adaptation of environments against weather and dust
- safety and back-up procedures to protect information
- purchase of computers, printers, equipment for registration of members et electrical connections eventually using PV
- distribution of physical structures: LETS boxes, notice boards
- preparation of cheques or other instruments of exchange to be used
- publication of the services available within the system

c) Coordination with users
- preparatory meetings with users at tank commission level
- presentation of the local coordinator
- registration of members
- distribution of cheques or other instruments of exchange
- starting transactions

d) A communications structure
- vertical, at project level (project coordinator, transaction registrars, those responsible at tank commission level, users)
- horizontal, with the various persons responsible at the same level (amongst transaction registrars, amongst tank commission level operators)
- horizontal, amongst local money systems
- commercial, radio, website

4.2.4 MICRO CREDIT SYSTEM STRUCTURES

The local bank will manage formal currency funds necessary for running the project, acting on instructions of the project coordinator given on receipt of the indications received from those responsible at tank commission level. The funds do not belong to the bank, which will intervene only in the practical management and transfer of the funds. The decisions are taken by the users' structures set up under the project.The funds formally belong to the users until the expiry of the 10 years' interest-free credit term. The interests of the financing parties are protected by their representatives nominated to the board of the ONG, who will be invited to participate in the workshop.

In some project applications a suitable local bank will exist. In other cases the local bank itself will be constituted during the workshop.

The services of the bank will be paid in local LETS monies at a fixed rate per transaction to be set during the workshop. The bank can then use its LETS credits to purchase goods and services iinside the project area and sell them for formal money outside the project area.

One Moraisian workshops will be held to prepare the Bank structures.

Indicative participation

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
2 Representatives of the ONG acting on behalf of the financing parties
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
At least 6 qualified persons, 3 inidicated by the ONG and 3 by the project coordinator
350 persons, indicated by the tank commissions, interested in participating with responsibility for credit arrangements at tank commission level.

Duration of the workshop: about six weeks.

The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:

4.2.4.1 The bank

a) Definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relations with the LETS local money systems

b) Physical aspects
- land
- office
- safety
- communications

c) Financial aspects (Definition of initiatives at each structural level. How much money is to be distributed at each level?)

- funding of initiatives at general project level (recycling structures, important productivity initiatives, public works)
- funding of initiatives at intermediate, well coommission, level
- funding of initiatives at local tank commission level
- funding of socially based initiatives (clubs, interest groups etc)
- traditional banking activities

4.2.4.2 Organisation of operations

a) Central structure

b) De-centralised structure
- Preparation operators
- Meetings at tank commission level

c) Coordination
- With LETS structures
- With tank commissions
- With project coordinator

d) Financing of specific projects
- Relations with financiers

e) Communications structure
-Vertical, at project level (project coordinator, transactions operators, tank commission level operators, end users)
Commercial, radio, website

4.2.5 BEOSITE PRODUCTION UNITS

Usually three or four Moraisian organisational workshops will be held, one for each production unit.

Indicative participation (all workshops together)

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant EOS advises
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Ministry of Health
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
200 persons (men and women), indicated during meetings held at Tank Commission level, interested in participating in the activities of the factories. Where opportune, according to local political structures and traditions, up to 25% of the people could be indicated by the local chiefs.

Duration of each workshop: about six weeks.

The Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) Definition of the social form of the production units
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relatonship with the local LETS systems

b) A structure for the supply of materials
- geological research for gypsum and/or anhydrite deposits
- locations of gypsum/anhydrite quarries, permits
- activities preparatory to exploitation
- logistics
- coordination of materials depots with the factories

c) Definition of the items to be made (tanks, toilets, stoves, solar cookers etc)
- coordination with the other production units (specialisation)
- contacts with families
- definition of requirements : articles and specifications
- definition of requirements : design, productive capacity
- definition of the necessary procedures
- preparation of moulds
- tests
- decision on priorities to be given to the various items

d) A structure for the factories
- land and necessary structures
- design of factories
- construction of factories
- purchase of necessary equipment

e) A production structure
- organisation of the production
- commercial organisation

f) A structure for the installation of the items produced
- Relationship factory-installers
- Preparation of the installers
- Installation
- Siting of boreholes/wells
- After sales backup and service

g) A structure for communications
- Vertical, at project level (project coordinator, factory manager, factory commissions, installers, end users)
- Horizontal, between production units
- With the local money LETS systems
- Commercial, radio, website

4.2.6 THE RECYCLING STRUCTURES

A special fund is included in the budget to cover the costs of setting up the recycling strucutures, which have priority. The funds will be repaid by the beneficiaries in the same way as those made available to the Beosite factories. They will take the form of interest-free credits repayable according to the real possibilities of those involved as decided during the organisational workshops during which the structures are set up. The repayments will be financed by sale of materials such as fertilisers and compost ourside the project area and by the "exportation" of solid non-organic waste which are not recyclable within the project area itself. For an illustration of a possible general structure for the integrated recycling of waste in project areas refer to:

DRAWING OF WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.

The work of the recycling structures will be carried out within the local money LETS systems already set up. One of the more interesting features of LETS systems is that, in contrast with what happens in the western monetised economies, work considered as "dirty" and/or "heavy" is usually better paid than "clean" and/or "light" work as the rates charged will normally be related to the perceived value of an hour's work in the forseeable normal working situation.

Usually at least two Moraisian workshops will be held. Often, one workshop for each LETS loal money system.

Indicative participation (all workshops together)

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
200 persons (male and female)indicated by the tank commissions, interested in participating.

Duration of each workshop: about six weeks.

The Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) Definition of the social form of the structures
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including relations with the Micro-credit institution
- relations with the local money LETS systems

b) Analysis of requirements

c) A structure for the recycling centres
- Definition of the land requirements and the physical structures necessary
- formalities and permits
- design of the centres
- construction of the centres
- purchase of the necessary equipment

d) A structure for the collection/deposition of waste
- urine
- composted excreta
- waste water
- other organic waste
- non organic solids
- special industrial wastes
- medical wastes
- who will do what
- definition of individual zones
- definition of specialisations

e) A commercial structures
- definition of the tarrifs applicable to the various types of material
- distribution of urine and composted excreta
- direct recycling of certain materials
- contatcs for the exportation of materials not recyclable locally

f) A monitoring structure
- sanitary conditions
- ecological conditions
- safety conditions

g) A communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, centre managers, collection structures, end users)
- horizontal, between centres
- relations with local money LETS systems
- commercial, radio, website

4.2.7 STRUCTURES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIO-MASSE FOR STOVES

For a typical possible high efficiency stove design refer to:

DRAWING OF TYPICAL HIGH EFFICIENCY Beosite (R) STOVE.

The structures foreseen are for the production of mini-briquettes for the stoes to be made by the Beosite production units and for the production of bio-masse to make the mini-briquettes.

Usually just one Moraisian workshop will be held in a given project area.

Indicative participation

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Consultant EOS advises
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
50 persons indicated by the tank commissions interested in the production of mini-briquettes
200 persons indicated by the tank commissions, interested in producing bio-masse for the mini-briquettes.

Duration of the workshop: about four weeks.

The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) A coordination structure
- definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including payments
- relations with the local money LETS systems

b) Analysis of requirements
- detailed analysis of the present systems
- demand in the project area
- demand outside the project area

c) Analysis of the bio-masse resources available

d) Definition of the recipes (mixtures) socially acceptable

e) Creation of the physical structures for briquette production

f) Logistics
- Assembly and stocking of materials
- distribution of mini-briquettes

g) Organisation of the cultivation of bio-mass

h) Commercial
- Availability of micro-credits for growers
- Availability of micro-creits for briquette makers
- Prices for briquette distribution according to the various mixtures

4.2.8 Structure for the radio station

The establishment of a local radio station is an integral part of the project. The station is a part of the management of communications cncerning the project. Since most people in the project areas possess a radio, radio is an excellent way to spread information on the project developments and the management of the structures set up. It also enables users to discuss initiatives taken and to be taken, and to express their criticisms. It can also become a vehicle for local commerce.

The station will usually be placed in a location in the centre of the project area so as to limit the transmission radius. A PV operated station may be preferred to one running on "imported" electricity, as this increases the autonomy of the station and reduces long term financial leakage from the project area.

The management of the station will be completely autonomous.

Without influencing this independence in any way, the programme could indicatively coprise the following elements:

(a) Transmission of information on project activities (news bulletins)
- Convocation of meetings for structures (tanks commissions, LETS systems etc)
- Information on decisions taken during meetings
- Information on progress made with the installation/setting up of the various structures
- Information of interest-free mcro-credits conceded

(b) Transmissions by interest groups
- Initiatives the groups wish to take
- Information on itiatives under way

(c) Information on cultural and sporting activities in the project area

(d) Emergency services

(e) Promotion of the project towards the outside.

FINANCING

The setting up of the station is covered by a separate item in the indicative balance sheet. How can the station reimburse this interest-free credit?

- Work is carried out under the local LETS money systems - Expenses in formal currency (electricity?, equipment and the costs of running it) would need to be paid back over 3 or 4 years. How:
-a) Collection of a small (formal currency) contribution at household level?
-b) Payments for services rendered to people living in the areas surrounding the project area
- c) Advertising by producers in the project area towards people living in the surrounding areas Usually just one Moraisian workshop will be held in a given project area.

Indicative participation

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Ministry of Communications
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
20 persons indicated by the tank commissions interested in participating in the management of the station.
50 persons indicated by the tank commissions, interested in producing programmes for the station

Duration of the workshop: about three weeks.

The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) A coordination structure
- definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including payments
- relations with the local money LETS systems

b) Analysis of requirements
- detailed analysis of the communications needs of the individual structures created under the project
- demand in the project area
- demand outside the project area

c) Material structure
- Land
- Permits
- Office/studio
- Transmission equipment
- Equipment for production and storing of programmes

d) Logistics
- Transport
- Storage of materials
- Organisation of network

4.2.9 STRUCTURES FOR THE DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

For possible technical solutions for the drinking water distribution system refer to:

DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.

Usually just one Moraisian workshop will be held in a given project area.

Indicative participation

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Consultant EOS advises
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
30 persons indicated by the tank commissions interested in the systematic maintenance of the structures
100 persons indicated by the tank commissions, interested in drilling boreholes, drilling wells and building the associated civil and associated works

Duration of the workshop: about four weeks.

The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) A coordination structure
- definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including payments
- relations with the local money LETS systems

b) Analysis of requirements
Refere to Schedule 1 for full details)

c) Hydrogeological research

d) Preparation of maps showing:
- sites of boreholes and wells
- tank sites
- feed-pipe installation lines

e) Specifications
- Work bases/depots
- Boreholes/wells
- Solar pumps
- Hand pumps
- Washing areas
- Solar panels
- Panel supports
- Borehole/well surroundings
- Laying of pipelines
- Installation tanks
- Eventual installation of UV purification units
- Training of well commissions
- Training of tank commission

f) Permits

g) The civil works
- Base for storage of equipment and materials
- Formation of teams
- Planning of works
- Logistics
- Equipment and materials

h) Installation of the structures

i) Maintenance
- Creation of the maintenance structure
- Relations with suppliers
- Importation and management of spare parts
- Planning of preventive maintenance
- Maintenance kits
- Monitoring system
- System of statistics f) Logistics
- Assembly and stocking of materials
- distribution of mini-briquettes

g) Organisation of the cultivation of bio-mass

h) Commercial
- Availability of micro-credits for growers
- Availability of micro-creits for briquette makers
- Prices for briquette distribution according to the various mixtures

4.3 THIRD, IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

4.4 FOURTH, SECOND IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

Comments

GRAPHS FORMING AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE PROJECT DOCUMENT

RECYCLING OF FUNDS FOR MICRO-LOANS

The funds recycled are approximately 16.000.000 US$. They are made up of:

a) Repayments of the interest-free seed loan itself. These are shown as horizontal lines at the bottom of the micro-loans graph. They are constant. During quarters 42-45 the amounts left for repayment UNDER THE PROJECT are reduced to zero. However users continue to make monthly contributions on their own account, so the recycling of funds will in practice continue. The capital fund will build up again as shown in the micro-loans graph. It will drop again when replacements of the original capital goods are made or the system services extended. It will then build up for a third time to cover further collective capital investments and so on for so long as the users continue making their monthly contributions.

b) Certain capital sums (eg repayments for the Beosite (R) factories) and reserves.

c) Repayments under the micro-loans. These are seen as diagonal lines in the micro-loans graph. Towards the end of the project period, payback times are shortened to ensure capital re-enters in time for repayment of the original seed loan.

THE PROJECT IN DETAIL

1. Justification of the project

Yet much of the world's population is still without safe sanitation and drinking water. Local economies have long since been "drained" of the formal money needed to exchange goods and services in the present market economy.

(Description of current hygiene education, sanitation, local water sources, availability of formal money in the project areas)

Women and children often have to carry water over several kilometers from contaminated sources to their houses.

In xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx poor water quality spreads diseases such as xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.

The cost of the fighting often deadly water-related diseases takes up a large slice of the family incomes. Much time is wasted fetching dirty water which is then usually drunk with all its pathogens without treatment and without being boiled.

A goal of the project is to reduce water-borne disease so medical and financial resources can be re-directed to other health objectives like vaccination programmes and preventive medicines.

In practical terms, this means giving the people of xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx a clean drinking water supply for household use.

(Description of local sanitation conditions)

The project includes Beosite (R) production units whose first job will be to make water storage tanks and well linings for the project. Following that, they will also make tanks, san-plats and dry toilet pots for sanitation facilities. Toilets and waste disposal units will be built for each (family, group of families)in the project area, and, where necessary in local schools and clinics. In principle, formal currency investment will not be needed for this work as most of it can be done using the local LETS currency systems to be set up as part of the project. Once the needs of the project have been met, the Beosite (R) units can start making other products, and "export" to other projects in the region and beyond.

From the beginning Community Health Clubs will be set up to supply on-going hygiene education to optimise the benefit from the new water and sanitation services. The clubs will also be the main forum for identifying community needs and planning project implementation. Hygiene education courses will also be implemented in the schools in the project area.

A system to collect and recycle organic compost, urine, grey water and non-organic solid waste will be set up where necessary. The local currency (LETS) systems will be used for this work.

(Description of current problems relating to study)

PV lighting for study purposes will be provided where a study room is already available or built using the local LETS currencies. The project also includes solar powered refrigeration units for clinics.

Users (especially women) may obtain micro-credit loans if they need PV lighting systems to increase their productivity in the evening. Families later able to pay for their own PV Home Systems will do so individually under a micro-credit scheme operated by the Local Bank.

(Description of current methods for cooking, materials used, costs)

The Beosite (R) units will also manufacture energy efficient stoves. The stoves will be made for pot sizes commonly used in the community. Each family may buy as many stoves as it needs. The stoves will burn most kinds of fuel though the preferred fuel will be mini-briquettes hand pressed by individual homeowners or made by local tradesmen. Some crops will be sustainably grown for use as fuel. They will then be mixed with straw, twigs, leaves, dung and other available materials without reducing the amount of fertilisers normally used for agriculture.

Solar cookers will also be made under the LETS systems from Beosite (R) where daytime cooking is not in conflict with local customs

(Description of current procedures for the collection of non-organic solid wastes)

A network of recycling centres will be set up for to receive non-organic waste materials for recycling. The centres will also provide a rubbish collection service where required. Collection of environmentally harmful rubbish will be paid for by the users. The collectors may pay for useful materials under the local LETS systems. The idea is to keep as much residual and recyclable value as possible within the local economy. The local systems can also earn some formal currency by exporting waste for industrial recycling that cannot be recycled locally. Waste from clinics will be addressed separately.

Standard sanitation and waste removal services, where required, will also be supplied for schools and clinics in the project area. Specialised waste removal from clinics will be discussed separately.

2. Cooperation of the local people

The users will create the structures during a series of organisational workshops following the method developed by the Brazilian sociologist Clodomir Santos de Morais. A bibliography of the work of de Morais is set out in Schedule 2. The project will try to put at the disposal of the often very large groups involved in the workshops, but ONLY ON REQUEST, the consultants, materials and equipment necessary for the services and structures in question. The groups organise themselves (often which great difficulty), set up their administrative structures, procure the necessary authorisations and permits, proceed with the construction of factories, and to the production and sale of their products and services as they consider fit.

Key to the formation of the structures foreseen in the project is the order in which the workshops are held. It is not possible to hold workshops to set up the tank commissions (the key project structures) for instance until a suitable platform has been created to enable women to organise themselves, express themselves at meetings and actively participate in the project structures. This is done during the organisation workshop setting up the health clubs. It is not possible to set up structures for the manufacture of articles for sanitation purposes if the local money LETS systems making their production, distribution, sale and installation under local money LETS systems without the need for formal money until the LETS systems have been established.

Ther order os sequence indicated in section 4.2 of the main project document is the following:

2.01 Health clubs
2.02 Social structures
2.03 LETS systems
2.04 Micro-credit systems
2.05 Beosite units
2.06 Recycling systems
2.07 Bio-mass production
2.08 Radio station
2.09 Drinking water
2.10 Lighting etc

The workshops represent a general mobilisation of the population, with an active participation of at least 4000-5000 people out of total of 50.000, representing about 15% of the active population.

The first is hygiene education itself tending to the improvement of health standards pending the installation of the drinking water and sanitation structures foreseen under the project.

The second is the formation of a socially acceptable platform enabling the population, and in particular women, to work together, which is basic to the success of the project. The health clubs constitute a forum for women, helping them to identify tehe requirements of the community and to fully participate in the planning and execution of successive phases.

Hygiene education should become an integral part of the school curriculum at all levels in the schools in the project area. The purpose of the courses is to reinforced the work done by the Health Clubs. The cooperation of trained personnel of the Ministry of Health is foreseen. This personnel will participate in the Health Club workshops during which the courses will actually be prepared and the Health Clubs organised. Teachers from the schools will also participate in the workshop and in the preparation of the material for the courses.

Where necessary, schools will be supplied with appropriate quality clean drinking water and proper sanitation systems under the project.

In some cases children from poorer families may not have access to the schooling system, especially where schooling is mostly funded by parents. This will put extra responsibility on the Health Clubs which will in such cases be called upon to cover hygiene education for the children not covered under the arrangements amde with the schools.

BASIC COURSE FOR HEALTH CLUBS

The basic administrative structure foreseen by the project is the Tank Commission.

The tasks of the Tank Commission are numerous and include, by way of example,:
- Analysis of the local situation (200 people - 40 families)
- Definition of the local issues and problems
- Liaison with the Health Clubs already established
- Liaison with the local currency LETS systems about to be formed
- Organisation of monthly users' meetings
- Identification of the best projects for Micro-credit development loans
- Setting priorities for Micro-credit loans
- Deciding the priorities for siting the wells and washing places, with special input from women's groups
- Deciding the siting of tanks and water pipeline routes
- Deciding priorities for the siting and installation of sanitation units
- Deciding the pot sizes for stoves and solar cookers
- Liaison with the compost collection and recycling network
- Liaison with the grey water/urine collection and recycling network
- Planning what can be done by the local people themselves at the normal ruling daily rate of pay (about US$ xxxxx per person per day) and what can be done in the local LETS currency
- Systematically monitoring project progress and on-going administration with the users' commissions (comprising mostly women)
- Organising daily maintenance of the tank areas, rules of use
- Managing any local disputes relating to the project
- Collection of the monthly contributions to the Cooperative Development Fund
- Nomination of participants to various organisational workshops
- Proposals for the support of families with difficulty in making their contributions

Refer also to:

TANK COMMISSIONS - THE KEY STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS

The following texts, drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal. They indicate the type of structure which can be expected to come out of the workshops.

DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF LETS STRUCTURES.
HOW A LETS TRANSACTION WORKS.
Detailed information on LETS systems

In principle, three or four local LETS currency systems will normally be set up, according to clearly definable operating areas.

All adults within a system should be registered as members, but use of the system with exceptions for goods and services necessary for the project itself, would be voluntary. Any member may usually freely choose whether to conduct a given transaction in the local currency system or within the formal currency system.

Each LETS group would have some 3500-5000 registered adult members. Children under the age of xxxx will not be registered as they are not, under the international convention on the rights of children, allowed to work. They will become registered members of their local LETS systems upon reaching the age of xxxxx. The members of each group will be coded so that their and tank-commission and well areas can be identified and the cost of more local, optional, initiatives such as PV lighting for study purposes debited to the members directly involved rather than to the whole project area.

A "catalogue" of goods and services is prepared periodically in a form which can be understood/read by the group members. In xxxxxxxxxxxx, what is available and who provides it will often be widely known at local level. All the local LETS currencies within the project will have the same reference value, which will be decided with the local population.

The reference value could be the xxxxxxxx, if the xxxxxxxxx were considered stable (=inflation free) enough. Or it could be based on the basis of the perceived average value of an hour's work. Or on the basis of a kilo of xxxxxxxxxx. Since the local LETS currencies will have the same reference value, they can be transferable from one to another. However, not all goods and services will be transferable between the different systems, as this could lead to a drain of resources from one system to another. LETS systems work best when the financial resources remain balanced within each system. The LETS coordinators and the members will decide which goods and services are "exportable". Beosite(R) products made in group A, for instance, could be exportable to group "B". Cloth made in group "B" may be exportable to group A. Crops and vegetables not grown in one group could be importable from the others.

Assume that a Beosite (R) product is sold by a group A member to a group B member. The transaction would be in local currency A. The Beosite (R) producer would be credited in local currency A. The coordinator of group A would advise his counterpart in group B of the debit for the group B member and separately credit group A with the same amount in group B currency. The group B coordinator would debit the group B buyer in local currency B, and, separately, debit group B with the same amount in group A currency. Goods and services supplied by group B to group A would be registered the other way round. The group A and B coordinators then simply eliminate the respective debits and credits by pairing value units one for one.

The processes broadly follow traditional balance of payments transactions but the objective is to maintain a balance in imports and exports. A large debit balance between one LETS group and another would show resources are being transferred from one group to another. The coordinators would then have to take steps to correct the imbalance. They could, for example, temporarily extend the range of goods and services the debtor group can export to the creditor group, such as by arranging a special market.

It is a key to the success of the system that the imports and exports of each group remain balanced, their sum tending to zero.

There will be an elected local LETS coordinator in each tank commission area. The LETS coordinator will need to be literate and will be responsible to the general LETS systems coordinator. The local coordinators will help those members unable to write/sign their cheques (or deal with other methods of payment), arrange distribution of of chequebooks (or other payment forms)to the LETS users, collect the used cheques (or equivalent) deposited in the LETS POST box near the local water tank and take them to the general LETS systems coordinator for registration. The local coordinators will also display the monthly or weekly reports on the LETS NOTICE BOARD near or above the LETS POST box, advise illiterate members of their LETS balances, call a fortnighly or monthly meeting where the users can discuss the operation of their LETS system, make special requests (such as, for example, increasing the debt limit for sick members or for those making special purchases), and discuss ways to use the goods and services of those with high debts so as to help balance their trading accounts. The local coordinators will also discuss with the members selected proposals for allowing export and import of goods and services into the local LETS system and report back to the general LETS coordinator.

The first general LETS systems coordinator will be chosen by the Project Administrator. He and the locally elected LETS coordinators will make up the LETS COMMISSION. The LETS COMMISSION will meet at least once a month to discuss particular problems and to decide on actions needed to balance the export/import accounts amongst the various local LETS currencies.

The fortnightly/monthly reports for members in each tank commission area will be published on the local LETS NOTICE board and discussed at a general meeting of the local members. The report will show, for each member, the previous balance, the current balance, the total number of plus transactions and minus transactions conducted, and list each plus and minus transaction since the previous report.

The cheque (or other transaction form used)will have two parts. Each part will have the member's name and LETS number preprinted on it.The SELLER'S cheque is used in each transaction. The BUYERS name and system code are filled in on the cheque, with the assistance of the local coordinator where necessary, as well as a description (with LETS code) of the goods or services sold. Finally the cheque is signed by BOTH parties and deposited in the LETS post box. The amount credited to the seller must be exactly the same as that debited to the buyer.

Payments for LETS services provided by members to their communities will be debited to a special LETS code for the community. When the community debt reaches one LETS currency unit (or other agreed amount) for each member, each member will be debited with that amount. The community LETS code will then be credited by the same total amount. This system allows collective communal property to be involved in the LETS transactions. For example, the sale of wood from communal land can be registered as a credit to the LETS group involved, and then transferred from there to individual group members.

DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
GRAPH SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS .
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE.
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.

The micro-credit system will be set up by the Moraisian organisation workshop conducted for the purpose.

The proposed micro-credit system will be different from those formed up till now. The loan capital repayments and longer term reserves within the project itself will be used to finance the micro-credit system. This is possible because the money is already available for multiple re-cycling, interest-free. When, at the close of the ten years' loan repayment period, the original project capital is repaid, the users will continue their monthly contributions to build up capital for system extensions and to replace the system hardware after 20-30 years. This money, which will build up to a considerable sum, also becomes available for interest-free micro-credits within the project area until it is needed.

Final repayments of blocks of micro-credits will be coordinated so that money for long term capital investment purposes (system replacement and extensions) will be available when it is needed. This way, money for the micro-credits granted is generated by the users themselves within the framework of the project and those micro-credits belong to the users. They are interest-free to ensure they continue to re-circulate within the local economy.

The Local Bank will charge a set fee for each transaction to cover its costs and make a socially acceptable profit. The Local Bank's fee will be set before the system starts working. Ideally, the fee would be expressed in the local LETS currencies to stop leakage of money from the local economy. In any case associated such as collection of payments and distribution of information will all be paid for in the local LETS currencies.

The Local Bank would thus become a regular member of the local LETS systems. It could, for instance, use the LETS credits it derives from its banking services to buy local products and services and distribute them outside the system in exchange for formal currency.

The purpose of the planned Micro-Credit system is to ensure that individuals or cooperatives wanting to expand their production who have no access to formal currency to pay for their capital investment can get interest-free micro-credit loans to boost the local economy. The Micro-credit system is therefore applied only to micro-project investment which needs to be made outside the local currency exchange (LETS) systems.

The pay-back time for the interest free loans will vary from case to case. Some investments will generate more goods and services that can be sold outside the local LETS currency area than others. The formal currency so earned can then be used to repay the loans. The sale of some production in the formal economy will be a condition of the granting of the Micro-Credit loan. The speed at which the formal loan currency can be recovered will determine the payback period, which could therefore be anything between a few months and a few years. The loan repayments must be realistically possible. The system is cooperative and interest free and designed to enhance the general welfare within the beneficiary communities. As with the Grameen bank systems, any person or cooperative group wanting a Micro-Loan will be expected to produce four friends who agree to be jointly and severally liable for the periodic loan repayments, and to make sure they are made on time. Since the Micro-credits are essentially self-financed by the communities through their communal funds, the funding priorities must be left to the communities themselves. This is especially so where potential conflicts of interest arise because there is not enough funding immediately available to meet all requests for assistance. Meetings to discuss members' proposals and further developments with on-going projects will become a feature of the social life of the communities. Since it is expected that many of the beneficiaries under the scheme will be women and women's groups, women will need to have full representation during such meetings. One of the basic goals of the formation of the Community Health Clubs foreseen is to use them as a launching pad to create women's groups. These groups will give women the chance to discuss their needs, develop their priorities, and make submissions during the Micro-Credit meetings. The Health Clubs should also be able to ensure that women participate en bloc at the Micro-Credit meetings.

Rules for the organisation of the Micro-Credit meetings will be set up during the workshop with the full participation of the beneficiary communities. These rules must lay down the general principles behind the system. These would, for example, include:

1) All loans are to enable the beneficiary to extend his/her income by producing more goods and services
2) The goods and services must benefit the general interests of the community and encourage exchanges under the local LETS systems.
3) Some of the goods and services must be saleable outside the LETS systems to earn formal currency to repay the micro-loan.
4) The Micro-Credit loan must promote the rapid circulation of formal money within the beneficiary communities. For example, using formal currency to build a clinic or hospital would not qualify for micro-credits because the capital invested cannot be re-circulated. On the other hand, buying equipment for testing water quality (foreseen in the project) would qualify, as the formal currency cost can be recovered by charging in formal currency for water analyses conducted for users outside the project area.
5) Special priority will be given in the first instance to micro-loans to start the collection and transport of compost, urine, and grey water, and establish the recycling centres that will collect, store, and export non-organic waste products from the project area.

Consideration should be given to the distance of the sites from the gypsum or anhydrite deposits which will feed them. These site will be included on the maps in Schedule 3.

The costs of locating gypsums/anhydrite deposits are covered as a separate item in the budget.

For more information on the Beosite technology as such refer to Schedule 6.

BEOSITE.
PREPARATION OF BEOSITE PRODUCTS.

The operations will take place under the local money LETS systems. A separate interest-free credit fund is provided in the budget for purchase of equipment which is not available locally and/or which has to be paid for in formal currency.

In principle, the equipment used should not require the consumption of imported energy (electricity, diesel, petrol etc) which causes an on-going financial leakage from the project area. Transport distances should be kept as short as possible.

The following drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal.

DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM BEOSITE(R)

The sanitation and rubbish collection package includes the following elements:

- 1) Dry composting toilet tanks made from Beosite (R)
- 2) Toilet tanks for urine made from Beosite (R)
- 3) Grey water tanks made from Beosite (R)
- 4) Locally made compost bins for organic waste other than urine, faeces and grey water.
- 5) A system to collect and where necessary store the compost from 1) and 4), urine from 2) and grey water (from 3) of users who have no land or garden on which to recycle their own waste.
- 6) A system to collect and recycle non-organic solid waste through recycling centres.

The main principles behind the system are:

- (a) Recycling should always be done at the lowest possible level, starting with the individual user.
- (b) Recycling at a second level should also be done as late as possible during the composting cycle to reduce the volume of material handled.
- (b) The whole system should be operated within the local (LETS) currencies.
- (b) Capital investment for recycling equipment, transport and storage under 5) and 6) will be a priority for Micro-credit loans.
- (e) "Dirty" work will be better paid than "clean" work in the LETS systems, because the rate of pay will reflect the willingness of workers to do the work. Those doing unpleasant work will have an above-average income within the LETS systems so that there should be no difficulty finding people to do the work.
- (f) Waste should, as far as possible, be recycled within the project area so communities are self-sufficient and there is no leakage of formal money from the system. In particular, materials like metals, paper, plastics can often be treated at local level for use in local industries creating jobs and local value added during both treatment and production. The principle also promotes the export of re-cycled products for formal currency which will be used to repay the interest free micro-credits loans.
- (g) Lucrative job possibilities are created within the system.
- (h) Export and sale of selected non-organic solid waste through the recycling centres for formal currency so micro-credits for re-cycling operation can be repaid.
- (i) Selected non-organic solid waste products will treated locally and recycled as raw material for local artisan industries.
- (j) Interest free micro-loans for compost collectors under 5) above may need to be for a longer term than other micro-credits as most of the compost will be recycled within the local currency system. Some of the compost collection charges may have to be in formal currency or the equipment may need to be used part-time outside the LETS systems to help earn formal currency to repay the micro-credit loans.
- (k) Recycling of special industrial and medical wastes to be addressed separately.

Taking the above-mentioned 6 elements in turn:

1) DRY COMPOSTING TOILET TANKS

Two Beosite(R) tanks will be needed to collect and compost faeces.

The first properly aerated composting toilet tank is used until it is more or less full. It is then sealed and allowed to compost for 9-12 months while the second toilet tank is being used. The compost in the first tank reduces to about one wheelbarrow full of soil per adult person per year, and after the 9-12 months composting period it can be safely and profitably used as soil conditioner. Were an improved evaporation system to be used, the faeces in the single tank used would be evaporated by relatively warm air circulation in the system. This process forms dry coagulated lumps that look like dry dogs' food. These residues are light and greatly reduced in volume. They can be emptied at any time over 2-3 year periods and used as soil conditioner. Users who do not want to dispose of the resultant soil conditioner themselves will hire local operators to do the work under the local LETS currency systems.

Only one toilet seat/sanplat is required for double dry-tank installations. It is simply re-installed over the empty tank when the tanks are changed.

The second tank in the two-tank system can be bought at a later phase of the project because it will not be needed for at least a year. This helps spread purchases within the LETS systems over a wider time span.

The small quantities of water in containers used by toilet users for toilet cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added to the dry toilet tanks.

2. URINE TANKS

The small quantities of water in containers used vy urinal users for urinal cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added to the urine tanks.

Users unable to re-cycle the urine from their tanks and who do not use evaporation systems will have to arrange for the urine tanks to be emptied periodically under the local LETS systems for re-cycling within the project area.

3. GREY WATER TANKS

Where appropriate, simple filter systems will be used to eliminate grease, oils, and similar from the grey water. The filtered out solids will be stored in the compost bin.

Users unable to re-cycle the grey water from their tanks will need to arrange for the tanks to be emptied periodically under the local LETS currency systems for re-cycling within the project area.

4. COMPOST BINS FOR ORGANIC HOUSE WASTE OTHER THAN FAECES, URINE, AND GREY WATER

Animals such as chickens and goats are capable of productively recycling normal kitchen refuse.

5. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND STORING COMPOST

The workers who collect, store, and re-cycle the compost will get priority micro-credits to buy the equipment they need. They will be well paid within the local currency systems to do the work which is likely to be considered less attractive than other jobs.

6. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND DISPOSAL OF NON-ORGANIC SOLID WASTE THROUGH RECYCLING CENTRES

The recycling centres will sort the waste and store it until there is enough to sell commercially. Some centres may specialise by buying some kinds of waste collected by other centres so as to increase the commercial volume for export. They may also treat the waste they specialise in and prepare it for use by local industry, keeping the added value within the local system.

Re-cycling centre owners will get priority for micro-credit loans to buy the equipment they need to collect, store, and treat the waste.

Useful references for composting systems and integrated recycling are:
Winblad Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency), Sotckholm, 1998. ISBN 91 586 76 12 0.
Del Porto D and Steinfeld C, "The composting toilet system book", CEPP (Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention), Massachusetts, 1999 ISBN 0-9666783-0-3
Sawyer Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food security", UNDP-SIDA, Mexico 2000, ISBN 91-586-8935-4
Foo Jacky, "Integrated bio-systems: a global perspective", InFoRM (National Workshop on Integrated Food Production and Resource Management, Brisbane, 2000.

Cooking is the most energy-intensive activity in most developing countries. Nearly all the fuel used for the comes from bio-mass, usually wood. Population growth and migration of people from the countryside to densely populated slums on the fringes of large cities have serious consequences, including health dangers, air-pollution, de-forestation and poverty.

For example, wood often has to be brought great distances, sometimes hundreds of kilometers, by trucks using imported fuel. It then has to be distributed. This wood is expensive and the money to buy it leaves the local economy creating a downward poverty spiral. Fuel costs are often the biggest budget item of families in the developing countries.

Local production of highly efficient stoves under local LETS systems can eliminate or at least substantially reduce the need to import wood into the project area. Under the project proposals wood will not be needed at all. The benefits of just this single project item are dramatic, including:

- halting the depletion of forests
- helping to stop erosion
-reducing the CO2 emissions
- reducing smog formation in cities
- releasing users from an unsustainable financial burden
- using (some of) the financial saving to finance this whole development project

The proposed highly efficient Beosite (R) stoves will reduce the bio-mass needed for cooking by up to 60%. The stoves will run with any kind of fuel. Importantly, the reduced bio mass needed to fuel them can be 100% locally produced, creating jobs to grow it, to make mini-briquettes for cooking and to distribute the briquettes. The production of bio-mass for cooking must not affect the production of local fertiliser for agriculture.

Beosite (R) stoves have been preferred to solar cookers (though these can always be offered as an option) because the use of solar energy for cooking does not always coincide with users' eating habits. The stoves also allow people to retain their customary cooking methods and preferred pot and pan sizes, and are better adapted to preparing traditional staple foods. They incorporate heat level control, and will allow circulation of smoke so that the heat in the smoke is utilised.

The stoves will be locally sized to suit the two or three most commonly used pots and pans. Each family will buy as many stoves as it needs and can afford using the local LETS currencies.

BIO-MASS FOR THE ENERGY EFFICIENT STOVES

The mini-briquettes will be made from local waste materials like straw, leaves, sticks, paper, and dung. Suitable fast-growing crops will also be planted to produce enough local bio-mass to make the mini-briquettes needed in the project area. Using the LETS currency systems, the growers will either sell the crops directly to mini-briquette manufacturers or to tradesmen equipped to treat the bio-mass to make it suitable to use in briquettes.

SOLAR COOKER PRODUCTION

The solar cooker recipients will be made from Beosite (R).

2.8.1 Siting of the boreholes/wells

DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.

Refer to map xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, in Schedule 3)

(The following is an example valid for each village, zone, or area)

2.8.2.1 LETS AREA: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

2.8.2.1.1 (Village names)

See map Schedule 3 number ...........

a) Inhabitants : xxxxxxxxxxx family groups, xxxxxxxxxxx population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = xxxxxxxxxxxxx liters/day
Nearest electricity supply
b) Inhabitants : xxxxxxxxxxxxxx family groups, xxxxxxxxxxx population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxliters/day
Available clean drinking water supply ........ (there is already .....(borehole).....(well)
There are also:
X Primary schools with xxxxxxxx children (xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
X Intermediate schools with xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx children (xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
X Hospitals/clinics
--Number of beds?
--Number of nurses and doctors
--Daily number of visitors?
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??
X Private factories
--Number of persons present
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??
X Tourist attractions
--Number of persons present
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??
X Market places
--Number of persons present? How often? How long?
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??
X Convents and parish (xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)

Purpose: Adaptation existing water supply?

From several wells (xxx) in the xxxxxxxxxxxxx villages/areas, pump a total of xxxxxxxxxm3 water per day.

Siting of borehole/well?

Each well with +/- x Solar Spring solar pumps, (About xx solar pumps in all).
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 200 users (+/- 40 families).
Schools : one tank for each school.
Clinics one tank with TWO DEDICATED PUMPS (at least 15m3 per day)
Convents and parish: they fetch water from the nearest tank.
Triple unit reserve handpump-system next to each well.

The distances between well and users may reach 5km. Water pipelines can total as much as xxxx km for any one well system.

Each well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- xxxxxxxxxWp ( from xxx to xxxx 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint handtracking system.
On average xxxxxx solar pumps with accompanying electronics
On average xxxxxxx tanks on tank supports
UV purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools (other installations can be equipped with UV purification devices during a later phase of the project)
A triple handpump system as backup
A Handpump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.3 Summary of water supply

4.1a xxxxxxxxx l/day
4.1b xxxxxxxxx l/day
4.2 xxxxxxxxx l/day
4.3 xxxxxxxxx l/day
4.4 xxxxxxxxx l/day
4.5 xxxxxxxxx l/day
4.6 xxxxxxxxx l/day
4.7 xxxxxxxxx l/day
4.0 xxxxxxxxx l/day minimum for social infrastructures
Tot. 1.200.000 l/day (1200m3) approx

About 200 solar pumps
About 200 x 15m3 water tanks (of which xxxx with UV systems in phase 3 , and xxxx in phase 4)
About 30 triple handpump sets
About xxxxkm water pipes.

2.8.4 Principles for siting water supply structures

The solar pumps are capable of carrying water under pressure over several kilometers. Multiple small high-efficiency pumps in place of larger (but much less efficient) ones are proposed to guarantee a safe constant water supply. If one pump needs maintenance, or if one water pipeline is accidentally damaged, the other pumps continue working.

Taking the project area (xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx) into account, water should be found at a maximum depth of +/- xxxxxx m. On average the water table should be at xxxx m. below the surface.

Water quality must be checked and water sourced from deeper aquifers if necessary.

2.8.5 Well linings

Should it be necessary to drill boreholes, the per person costs for the wells may be higher than the figures shown in the indicative budget.

The wells must be well protected against soil instability, using linings locally made in a Beosite(R) factory. Beosite (R) production units are an integral part of the project. The wells must be sealed so that surface water cannot flow back down the well. Handpumps and platforms must be built so that the users' feet remain dry and never come in contact with water. Access to the handpumps/wells must always be dry. For instance, shingle or similar materials can be used so that users' feet always remain dry.

Refer to Schedule 2 for an extended description of the works.

The layout of a typical well installation is shown in:

DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.

2.8.6 Equipment at water points near the users' houses

The above-ground tanks will each have a capacity large enough for three days' water for the community to which they are dedicated. Back-up handpump systems will also be available at the well sites in case of need.
The water in the tanks at schools and clinics will be purified using ultraviolet solar purification units. Water purification can be extended to other community supply tanks at a later stage of the project. The water tanks will be fitted with double stainless steel ball valve sets. The ground surface at the water points will laid with shingle and kept dry so that the users' feet always remain dry. A sink-pit with stones and shingle will be used to drain any spill water. The tanks will be made locally from Beosite(R)

2.8.7 Budget items relating to the water supply structures

The indicative budget includes the following items, expressed in US$. Together they generally represent about 50% of the project's formal currency capital goods investments.

Description	Amount in US$
Organisation workshop	25.000
Setting up the basic structures	12.000
Vehicles and materials	150.000
Work for boreholes/wells (LETS)	pro-memoria
Washing places (LETS)	pro-memoria
Handpump platforms (LETS)	pro-memoria
Solar pumps (200)	257.000
Panel supports (LETS)	50.000
PV panels (200x300Wp=60kwp)	360.000
Handpumps (90) partly from Beosite	68.000
Cable'pipes for pumps/wells	65.000
Feed pipe to water tanks (km100)	100.000
Labour to lay feed pipes (LETS)	pro-memoria
Water tanks 200 (mostly LETS)	50.000
Tank bases 200 (mostly LETS)	25.000
Preparation maintenance operators	15.000
Initial stock of spare parts	20.000
Permits and formalities	1.000
Preparation of specifications	6.000
Total (about 46% of project cost)	1.204.000

Funds eventually not used will be added to project reserves and circulated in the form of interest-free micro-credits to increase local productivity. For example, certain materials and equipment may be locally available.

The workshop may take the following aspects into consideration:

2.8.7.1 Establishing base camp and stores
$ 12.000

2.8.7.2 Forming the supervisory team for wells and drilling

Personnel : team made up of 6 people
-Team leader brigade
-2 x drivers/mechanics
-3 x part-time workers

2.8.7.3 Assemble well work groups

Personnel : 4 teams each with 7 men:
-Group leader
-Lining worker
-5 labourers

2.8.7.4 Materials to be written off over the period of the interest-free loan

2.8.7.4.1.01 Truck 7 ton
4.1.02 (Toyota???) double cabin 4x4
4.1.03 Equipement de perforation
4.1.04 generator
4.1.05 welding group
4.1.06 Compressor
4.1.07 air pressure pumps
4.1.08 hydraulic hammers
4.1.09 heads for hammers
4.1.10 lengths 20m pipe dia.25mm
4.1.11 lengths 20m pipe diam.19mm
4.1.12 Vibration head diam.
4.1.13 Motor for 4.12
4.1.14 winches
4.1.15 Containers 50 liter
4.1.16 Forms
4.1.17 Tools
4.1.18 Cutting group
4.1.19 Form for platforms

Reserve 7.4.1 vehicles and equipment US$ 240.000

2.8.7.4.2 Cost materials

4.2.1 Beosite/anhydrite
4.2.2 Steel (????)
4.2.3 Sand and shingle
4.2.4 Wood and various

Reserve materials 7.4.2 US$ 60.000

2.8.7.5 WELL CONSTRUCTION (15 MONTHS)

2.8.7.5.1 Works
-Forages 8" internal diameter
-Hand dug wells indicatively diam.ext. 2m diam.int.1.8m.
-Linings
-Well platform 0.5m high as per drawings

2.8.7.5.2 Personnel and fuel
5.2.01 Head of brigade
5.2.02 4 x group leaders
5.2.03 4 x lining workers
5.2.04 20x labourers
5.2.05 2 x drivers/mechanics
5.2.06 3xpart-time labourers
5.2.07 Diesel for truck 100km/day 5.2.09 Petrol for (Toyota???) 150km/day
5.2.10 Fuel for drilling equipment
5.2.11 Unforeseen

Forecast group 7.5 US$ 26.000

2.8.7.6 BUILDING OF PLATFORMS FOR HANDPUMPS

6.1 The platforms can be sited next to the wells since the chosen handpumps work with bends in the feed pipe (See drawing in Schedule 5)

6.2 Material necessary :
-2.25m3 Beosite (R)
-Piece of polyethylene other pipe for drainage to sink pit.
-Stones for sink pit.
-Access to the handpumps and the platform areas shall be laid out with shingle paths so that the users' feet do not get wet.

6.3 Both the platforms themselves and the labour will fall under the local money LETS systems

2.8.7.7 BUILDING OF ABOUT 30 WASHING PLACES

7.1 The washing places will be placed near the wells. No decision has been taken as to whether the water for the washing places is to come from the handpumps or whether solar pumps with tanks be installed for the purpose. The washing places must meet hygiene criteria with:

7.2 Hygienic drainage of water to a sink pit or to gardens
7.3 Surfaces hygienic and easy to keep clean
7.4 No contact between users' feet and water on the ground or water on or around the washing place.

The washing places will be built and installed under the local money LETS systems

2.8.7.8 AREAS AROUND THE WELLS

8.1 The area around the wells must be well protected against unauthorised access by persons and access by animals.

8.2 The wells themselves must be completely sealed off against insects and anything that could cause contamination of the water.
8.3 Access to the PV panels should not be permitted. Fences and/or other protection must be used. In connection with the risk of theft, the panels should always be under the supervision of members of the well commissions.
8.4 Invidual PV panels will be fitted with a "chip" enabling recovery in case of theft. The glass of the panels will be engraved in the centre with the name of the project to further discourage theft.

2.8.7.9 LAYING OF PIPELINES TO THE TANK INSTALLATIONS

9.1 From each well, about 6-8 hygienic pipelines will be laid to the tanks situated near the homes of the users. In some cases these pipelines may be several kilometers long. The various separate pipelines will run through a common shallow trench for as far as possible, and then branch off each pipeline in a separate shallow trench over the last few hundred meters to its dedicated tank installation. A few extra lengths of pipeline can be laid in the common sections of trench for use should installations later be changed or in case of damage to a pipeline in use. Obstacles such as roads and rivers are to be avoided. In case of risk that a trench be crossed by vehicles, appropriate protection for the pipelines shall be used.

9.2 The trenches can be dug by the users themselves against payment of the normal standard daily rate for such work.

9.3 Costs
9.3.1 Pipelines
9.3.2 Double rapid couplings
9.3.3 Protection materials

Total costs 7.9 of pipelines US$ 100.000

2.8.7.10 INSTALLATION OF TANKS(ABOUT 200 x 15.000 LITERS)

Cheaper and better alternatives to concrete tanks will be used. These will be spherical tanks made from (hygienic) Beosite (R), made locally in a factory to be set up within the project itself. The tanks will be placed on solid supports. Each tank will be fitted with two sets of stainless steel two ball valves. The combination of spherical tanks and supports will offer resistance to all foreseeable weather conditions.

10.1 Costs of tanks
10.1 200 x 15.000 liter tanks reserve US$ 25.000
10.2 200 x tank supports reserve US$ 14.000
10.3 800 x 1" stainless steel ball valves US$ 36.000
10.4 A few drainage pipes
10.5 Shingle for sink pits and paths

Total costs 7.10 tank installations US$ 75.000

2.8.7.11 INSTALLATION OF SOLAR- AND HANDPUMPS

11.1 Costs

2.8.7.11.01	About 30 triple unit handpumps to be built partially under LETS systems	68.000
2.8.7.11.02	About 2.700m polyethylene 1 1/4" 16 bar feedpipe for handpumps	9.000
2.8.7.11.03	About 9.000m safety rope for pumps	4.000
2.8.7.11.04	Double rapid couplings	1.000
2.8.7.11.05	Electric cable	36.000
2.8.7.11.06	Reserve accessories	15.000
2.8.7.11.07	Stock of spare parts for hand pumps	8.000
2.8.7.11.08	About 200 solar pumps	257.000
2.8.7.11.09	About 7500m polythylene high pressure pipe diam. 26mm ext/19mm	100.000
2.8.7.11.10	Spare parts for solar pumps	12.000
2.8.7.11.11	External transport	15.000
2.8.7.11.12	Inland transport	10.500
2.8.7.11.12	Supervision installation	15.000

Total cost 11.1 Installation solar-and hand pumps US$ 577.500

2.8.7.12 INSTALLATION OF PV PANELS

7.12.1 About 200 panel arrays of 48V 4 x 75Wp
in series
12.1.1 About 60.000Wp US$ 360.000
12.1.2 Panel supports US$ 50.000

The following aspects concerning panels supports have to be decided:
-a) can they be made locally?
-b) will each group have its own support?
-c) which type of support?

12.2 External transport panels US$ 15.000
12.3 Local transport panels US$ 12.000

Total cost 2.8.7.12 Installation of panels US$ 437.000

2.8.7.13 INSTALLATION OF UV WATER PURIFICATION UNITS (SCHOOLS AND CLINICS)

13.1 The water is clean when it reaches the tank installations. The reason for the tank installations is that the following must be taken into account:
-a) Users need water to be available 24 hours per day.
-b) A water reserve must slowly be built up in case of bad weather (three days).
-c) The capacity of the tanks must be in line with the capacity of the pumps.
-d) If water is kept in xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx in a tank for several days, however well protected against infection it is, steps should be taken to ensure it stays clean. UV purification systems are therefore foreseen for schools and clinics within the framework of phase 3 of the project. If sufficient finance is available, similar protection can be used in the other tank installations in phase 3, otherwise it can be installed (under an eventual phase 4) later on.

Reserve 2.8.7.13 during phase 4 (xxx schools and clinics) US$ 47.500

2.8.7.14 TRAINING OF MAINTENANCE OPERATOR AND ASSISTANT

Training will be carried out during the Water Supply workshop 2.8.7.15 COMMISSIONING OF WORKS

15.1 Every well group with associated +/- 6-8 tank installations will be handed over to the well and tanks commissions after payment of the users' contributions for the first month. The system remains the property of the project until the loans have been repaid. On completion of loan repayment:
- property in the wells, handpumps, washing areas, and PV enclosures passes to the well commissions.
- property in the dedicated PV arrays, PV pumps, pipelines and tank installations pass to the tank commissions.

2.8.7.16 HEALTH ASPECTS CONCERNING USE OF WATER

The organisational workshops will establish a network for the systematic control of water quality. The following are some possible indications:

16.1 Organising systematic water sampling to keep a close check on water quality in the wells and in the tank installations.
16.2 Hygiene education. Cooperation through the established Health Clubs with locally operating health workers and the Regional Department of Health to spread information and training of the users in the correct use of clean household utensils, washing of hands before eating.
16.3 Equipment for water testing will be supplied to one of the local clinics and paid for by the users on condition that water testing within the project area be carried out free of charge.
16.4 Organisation of regular water sampling
16.5 Water testing programme
16.6 Hygiene education courses in schools
16.7 Rules concerning special industrial and medical waste products

2.9.1 INSTALLATION OF 200 PV LIGHTING SYSTEMS FOR STUDY

PV lighting and/or PV refrigeration facilities for clinics within the project area would also be the responsibility of the tank commissions where the clinics are located. The situation concerning schools or clinics outside the project area serving in part users living within the project area presents practical problems which will need to be discussed case by case when the project is finalised.

PV lighting or power sources needed for production will be financed on a case by case basis using micro-credit loans.

Financing PV lighting or power sources for (home) systems not used for production can be negotiated between individual users and the Local Bank when those users have enough income to meet the extra cost. Ther terms of the hire-purchase loan and lease agreements for Solar Home Systems will be agreed with the local bank before the project starts. Terry Manning will supply the SHS systems.

2.9.1 Cost of equipment
2.9.2 Cost of installation (will be done under the LETS systems)

Total cost US$ 105.000

The project coordinator may instruct the groups who have installed the water pumping installations to carry out the PV lighting installations and maintenance in the clinics under the local money LETS system.

2.9.2 INSTALLATION OF PV LIGHTING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS IN CLINICS

Three clinics have been included within the project area, each having one refrigerator for vaccines.

A budget of US$ 5.000 has been allowed for lighting and another US$ 5.000 for refrigeration in each clinic.

Total budget 4.2 PV lighting and refrigeration in clinics: US$ 30.000

Cases where clinics outside the project area serve users inside the project area are mentioned pro-memoria and will need to be discussed on a case by case basis.

The project coordinator may instruct the groups who have installed the water pumping installations to carry out the PV lighting installations and maintenance in the clinics under the local money LETS system.

2.9.3 INSTALLATION OF PV LIGHTING IN SCHOOLS

This has been indicated pro-memoria. Whether PV lighting is needed in schools in addition to the PV lighting already included at tank commission level for study is unclear, but the possibility of beginning evening adult education classes should not be overlooked.

2.9.4 INSTALLATION OF SOLAR UV WATER PURIFICATION IN EACH TANK

Up to 200 tanks could be involved. In case of contamination of water in a tank, especially where this occurs systematically, supplementary steps will be needed to ensure the purification of the water. Various technologies are currently under development, from filtration systems susceptible to local manufacture to more complex and relatively expensive systems operating with ultra-violet rays which have to be imported into the project area.

In cases of contamination, means must be found to keep the water safe.A reserve for US$ 128.500 has been set aside in the budget. The purpose of the project is to await the results of technological developments as long as possible before acting. How this money will be spent will also depend on the outcome of the tests conducted with the installations in schools and clinics. In the meantime the funds will be made available for interest-free micro loans.

2.9.5 INSTALLATION OF PV TELEVISION SETS FOR STUDY

This is listed pro-memoria for further discussion as there are some practical problems with the use of TV sets.

In principle the tank commission can approve the installation of a PV operated TV system (FOR STUDY PURPOSES) provided:
a) A study room has been built and correctly protected against weather, dust, and theft
b) Sufficient didactic material is available in the local language to justify the installation of a TV set.
c) Warranty is given that the TV set not be "confiscated" for purposes of "comfort" for group vision of commercial TV programmes.

The funds necessary for the installation in good faith of TV equipment will be transferred from the project reserves.

The project coordinator may instruct the groups who have installed the water pumping installations to carry out the PV lighting installations and maintenance in the clinics under the local money LETS system.

2.10.1 REAFFORESTATION AND EROSION PROBLEMS

These will be analysed project by project. Measures needed to combat erosion in the project area are expected to be taken within the local currency (LETS)systems. They can take the form of protection of forests by way of reduction of wood requirements for cooking purposes. They can also take the form of concerted management and repopulation of existing forests within the framework of a separate organisational workshop.

In most projects, nurseries for the cultivation of plants will be set up under the interest-free micro-credits systems within the local money systems. Some of the plants grown, especially those of local origin, could be made available for anti-erosion campaigns which can be conducted entirely under the local money systems.

2.10.2 NOTES ON RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS

Rain-water is harvested both for irrigation and for drinking water. Some form of purification system is needed when it is used for drinking water as the water may come into contact with dirty surfaces and may need to be stored for quite long periods. Purification needs systematic technology application and careful management. The effects can be disastrous if these things are overlooked. That is why clean water from closed wells and boreholes has been preferred to harvested rain-water in this project.

The solar powered drinking water systems foreseen in this model project offer a limited capacity suitable for human consumption, small animals and small scale drip irrigation applied to high value cash crops. The project does not include water for irrigation and general agriculture for which the use of solar energy, taking into account the cost of PV panels and/or wind generators into account, is still relatively uneconomic.

Rain-water harvesting offers the possibility of providing a water supply suitable for agriculture. The use of Beosite (R) water tanks and reservoirs made under the (LETS) systems means that users do not actually need to have any "money" to start and gradually expand their own rain-water harvesting systems. The tanks can be gravity fed off roofs and/or slopes and/or road surfaces. This water would also be used for personal hygiene such as showers, and for the washing of clothes.

Sloping of surfaces

Filtering

The harvested water should however be filtered to keep organic materials, solids and particles in suspension out. This can be done is two phases:
a) At the collection point, with a fine metal grate together, eventually, with a suitable sponge-like material at the top of the downwater pipe.
b) Above the water tank, where the water can pass through a Beosite or other container (but not PVC!) filled with (locally available) shingle, sand, and charcoal.

The size of the filters will depend from case to case according to the maximum amount of flow reasonably foreseeable.

Downwater pipes

Water tanks

The water tanks will normally be spherical in shape and made locally under the LETS systems from Beosite. Where they are esthetical in appearance and design, their position is irrelevant.

Formal currency investments in school structures are not susceptible to the rapid interest-free re-cycling at the basis of self-financing development projects.

Where, however, local school systems are mostly to the charge of the parents and there is an acute lack of:

a) Building infrastructure
b) School furniture
c) Didactic material
d) Teachers

it may in some cases be possible to improve circumstances under the project by taking advantage of the possibilities offered by:

a) The local tank commissions
b) The local money LETS systems
c) The local Beosite factories

In practice any goods and services which are locally available can be paid for under the local money systems. These goods and services can include:

a) Beosite elements, inclujding load bearing structures, for school buildings
b) Beosite school furniture
c) Services of teachers willing to work under the local money systems with salaries paid in the local LETS points
d) Reproduction of didactic material through PV television systems and/or through documentary reproduction by local consultants set up under the micro-credit systems.

Groups of parents and or groups of tank commissions can take initiatives under the local money systems and distribute their costs (expressed in LETS points) amongst the groups directly involved. In this sense the groups involved can be registered under the LETS systems in the same way as clubs or other social groupings.

Schedule 1: The project in detail

Schedule 2: Information on Clodomir Santos de Morais and the Organisational Workshops

Schedule 3: Project maps

Schedule 4: Solar submersible horizontal axis piston pumps

Schedule 5: Spring rebound inertia hand pumps

Schedule 6: Beosite technology

For some information and an example of a more advanced application refer to PREPARATION OF BEOSITE PRODUCTS

Schedule 7: Health Clubs courses

Schedule 8: Information on LETS local money systems

Schedule 13: A list of 25 progressive steps for development

Schedule 14: Material for presentations using transparents or Powerpoint

In alphabetical order:

Mr L.F.Manning, New Zealand, who also painstakingly re-edited the early drafts
Mr Taake Manning, Netherlands
Mr Eric Meuleman, of EOS Advises, Netherlands
Mrs Juliet Waterkeyn, of Zimbabwe AHEAD, Zimbabwe

HOME PAGE